Bio 183 Lect 16 (Final)

Front 1

___ - a disease caused by gene mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth.

Back 1

Cancer

Front 2

___ - change in the dna sequence of a gene.

Back 2

Mutation

Front 3

Most cancers result from an ____.

Back 3

accumulation of mutations

Front 4

____ - has no effect on the protein produced because amino acid does not change

Back 4

Neutral mutation

Front 5

____ - changes one amino acid

Back 5

Missense mutation

Front 6

____ - inserts a stop codon

Back 6

Nonsense mutation

Front 7

____ - alters pattern of triplets, completely changing the amino acid sequence.

Back 7

Frameshift mutation

Front 8

Spontaneous causes of mutation -

Back 8

Errors in replication
Toxis metabolites (free radicals)
Spontaneous changes
transposons

Front 9

Induced causes of mutations -

Back 9

Chemical, substances that can cause changes in DNA
Physical such as uv radiation and x-rays

Front 10

___ can, but do not always cause cancer
Cancer is typically an accumulation of ____ over a lifetime.
Typically a disease of the___, but can be chemical/lifestyle factors.

Back 10

Mutations
Mutations
aging

Front 11

How does the body protect against cancer?

Back 11

DNA repair mechanism - proofreading and repair
Tumor suppressor genes - maintain genome integrity, inhibit cell division
Specific immunity - immune system targets cells exhibiting abnormal growth

Front 12

Genes that help protect the integrity of the genome.

Genes that help inhibit cell division, cancer is often about uncontrolled cell growth.

Back 12

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Front 13

Immune system tags cells that should have died, (apoptosis etc)

Back 13

Specific Immunity

Front 14

___ - proofreading and repair

Back 14

DNA repair mechanism

Front 15

____ - immune system targets cells exhibiting abnormal growth

Back 15

Specific immunity

Front 16

____- genes associated with cancer.

Back 16

Oncogenes

Front 17

Cancer is mainly a disease associated with____.

Back 17

aging

Front 18

How do people "get" cancer -

Back 18

VAGOC
Aging
Oncogenes
Carcinogens
Viruses
Genetic component
Accumulation of changes can inhibit tumor suppressor genes

Front 19

General cancer risk factors -

Back 19

ADAEE
Activities
Diet
Age
Environment
Ethnicity

Front 20

Research in infancy that ____ and ____ might be associated with elevated cancer risk.

Back 20

alcohol
sugar

Front 21

Ex. Chemical solvent leaking into water supply in camp lejuene in the 1980s.
Smoking - do you regularly expose you lung tissue to carcinogens

Back 21

environment

Front 22

____ - Eating a chemical that is a known carcinogen

Back 22

diet

Front 23

As you ____ your risk of cancer goes up.

Back 23

age

Front 24

Sexual activity puts you at risk for cervical cancer.
Bike riding and testicular cancer

Back 24

activity

Front 25

Skin cancer - darker your skin more protected, but less concerned, but more risk because not realizing you are capable of getting it.

Back 25

Ethnicity

Front 26

____ to health care/ having health insurance, finding about it in later stage

Back 26

Access

Front 27

____ - metastasized to other tissues.

Back 27

Stage 4

Front 28

____ - spread to lymphatic system

Back 28

Stage 3

Front 29

____ - size increased but still confined to original tissue type

Back 29

Stage 2

Front 30

____ - confined to a discrete tumor of a certain size

Back 30

Stage 1

Front 31

Earlier detected, increased ____.

Back 31

survivorship rate

Front 32

What general cancers to be concerned about?

Back 32

Skin
Cervical
Breast
Prostate
Lung
Colo-rectal

Front 33

____- cancer of melanocytes

Back 33

Melanoma

Front 34

____- skin cells, rapidly dividing cells naturally. It can migrate to other parts of body quite readily. If it migrates somewhere else it does not work as a liver cell etc, so will quickly grow etc.

Back 34

Melanocytes

Front 35

____ - Typically environmental chemical, smoking, but also asbestos and other chemicals in the workplace.

Back 35

Lung cancer

Front 36

Risk is higher if you have that allele for that gene, or if you have never had a child, breast feeding your children brings down your risk.

Once it starts to spread, it goes fast, ducts direct to lymph and blood circ system.

Back 36

breast cancer

Front 37

____ originates in lobules, or ducts (milk producing itssues)

Back 37

Breast cancer

Front 38

____, originated in the cells of the cervix, can be caused by HPV, thus a "sexually transmitted" cancer.

Back 38

Cervical cancer

Front 39

Risk associated with food that are chemically treated, exposure to nitrated.
Low fiber diet is associated, a high fiber diet part of protection is it moves that stuff out faster.

Back 39

Colo-rectal cancer

Front 40

____, originates in cells of the colon or rectum

Back 40

Colo-rectal cancer

Front 41

Common cancer treatments -

Back 41

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy

Front 42

____ - miss something, some cells break off during the process and migrate and spread somewhere else.

Back 42

Surgery

Front 43

____- kills cells, but often has to go through other cells /to go through other layers of tissue.

Back 43

Radiation

Front 44

____ - super pinpoint radiation to target a cluster of cells

Back 44

Gamma knife

Front 45

____ - a chemical to kill the cancer, usually start with the best drug and then if you switch drugs you go down in predicted level of effectiveness.
Targeting essential features of cell metabolism.
Giving toxic agents to a whole organism, but are getting better.
Ex. Port in abdomen, versus whole body.

Back 45

Chemotherapy

Front 46

Emerging cancer treatments-

Back 46

Immunotherapy
Stem cells
Gene therapy

Front 47

Not necessarily looking for a cure for cancer, but a ___ for cancer/living with it and keeping it ____ for a long time similar to HIV.

Back 47

management
suppressed