Bio 182 Lecture 22

Front 1

what do all plants have in common

Back 1

chloroplasts, more specifically chlorophyll a

Front 2

what is the synapomorphy of all plants

Back 2

chloroplasts

Front 3

what is a synapomorphy

Back 3

shared derived trait that describes/characterizes a clade

Front 4

two examples of non-green plants

Back 4

-glaucophytes
-red algae (common in marine ecosystems)

Front 5

which types of chlorophylls do non-green plants have

Back 5

only chlorophyll a
-they LACK chlorophyll b

Front 6

which types of chlorophylls do green plants have

Back 6

BOTH chlorophyll a and b

Front 7

there are 4 major groups of green plants. They are broken up into groups of two. What governs these groups

Back 7

2 groups DO NOT retain the egg in the parental organism
2 groups RETAIN the egg in the parental organism

Front 8

name the 2 groups that retain the egg in the parental organism

Back 8

coleochaetales and charales

Front 9

what gave rise to land plants

Back 9

green algae
-more specifically the coleochaetales and charales b/c they retain eggs in parental organism

Front 10

what groups of consist of streptophytes

Back 10

coleochatales, charales, and land plants

Front 11

name the three innovations that allowed plants to come to land

Back 11

-cuticle
-stomata
-vascular tissue and specialized structural tissues

Front 12

describe cuticles

Back 12

waxy coating that protects against water loss (desiccation)

Front 13

describe stomata

Back 13

-small openings in leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange

Front 14

what 2 forms do plants exist as on land

Back 14

-haploid gametophytes
-diploid sporophytes

Front 15

which form do bryophytes exist as more often

Back 15

haploid gametophytes
-more dependent on this generation

Front 16

describe haploid gametophyte generation

Back 16

begins with meiosis that forms spores, from spores to adult haploid to gamete. end with fertilization

Front 17

describe diploid sporophyte generation

Back 17

begins with fertilization, forms zygote to adult diploid. ends with meiosis that produces spores

Front 18

name 2 bryophytes

Back 18

liverworts
club mosses

Front 19

what type of plant are non-vascular

Back 19

bryophytes

Front 20

name two types of vascular tissue

Back 20

-xylem
-phloem

Front 21

describe function of xylem

Back 21

vascular tissue
-transports water from rhizome (roots)

Front 22

describe function of phloem

Back 22

vascular tissue
-transports sugars from photosynthetic areas to storage areas

Front 23

-describe importance of tracheid (2)

Back 23

-primitive xylem for water support
-provides rigid structural support that allows plants to grow upward

Front 24

which form (diploid vs haploid) is dominant in vascular tissues

Back 24

diploid sporophytes
-they grow over haploid, allows them to spread spores more efficiently

Front 25

what is the purpose of the seed in land plants (2 reasons)

Back 25

-to protect the zygote/gamete from desiccation
-allow for dispersal

Front 26

difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms with respect to seed type

Back 26

gymnosperm: naked seed
angiosperm: flowering plant with seed encased inside

Front 27

in which type of seeded plant does double fertilization occur

Back 27

angiosperms/flowering plants

Front 28

how have gametophytes and sporophytes evolved in land plants such as ferns

Back 28

-gametophytes have become smaller, short-lived, and more dependent on sporophytes
-sporophytes have become larger and longer-lived; have become the dominant generation in plants

Front 29

the development of a seed is a characteristic in what 2 types of land plants

Back 29

gymnosperms
angiosperms/flowering plants

Front 30

define xerophytes

Back 30

plants that have adapted to arid/dry environments

Front 31

what are the 3 main ways plants have adapted to dry environments

Back 31

-behavioral
-structural
-chemical

Front 32

describe behavioral adaptations of xerophytes (3)

Back 32

-short life cycle (can be conducted in short time after rainfall becomes available)
-capitalize during transient wet/moist conditions (carry out whole life cycle during this period)
-long-lived seed bank

Front 33

describe structural adaptations of xerophytes (4)

Back 33

-small leaves (stem can do photosynthesis)
-heavy cuticle (protects against water loss
-epidermal hairs (slows air currents, prevents drying)
-sunken stomata (protects stomata from drying out)

Front 34

describe the chemical adaptation of xerophytes
-also describe difference compared to C4 photosynthesis

Back 34

CAM photosynthesis
-night: CO2 is harvested and stored
-day: CO2 fixation occurs; this allows for the stomata to be closed during the day, reducing water loss
-C4: fixation and Calvin Cycle spatially separated instead of temporally separated. Both occur during the day. CO2 use efficiency more important than water loss