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222 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
____ species is like a human, most of the young survive and most live to their old age
Type 1
____ is a medium number of young die
____ is most of the young die
Type 2
Type 3
2 types of competition -
____ - w/in the same species
____ - 2 different species competing, (generally negative for both, fight, lose energy, lose resources)
Intraspecific
Interspecific
____ is generally a negative thing for species.
Competition
____ - same species, same place, same time
Population
Birth = ____
death = ____
immigrant = ____
emigrant = ____
arriving
leaving
arriving
leaving
____, birth rate declines, death rate declines, standard of living goes up, thing (blueification of italy etc) (shrinking birth rates!)
Demographic transition
____ - complete competitors cannot coexist, if they are completely competing one of them have to go
Competitive exclusion principle
____ - is where it lives "address"
Habitat
____ - role that an organism has in its environment
(what it does, all of its interactions, its "occupation")
Ecological niche
Species tend to ____ so it does not have to compete for that specific resource
specalize
Oak tree
____ - temperate deciduous forest
____ - shade, provide habitat for other organisms, feeds animals by its acorns, photosynthesize, drop its leaves - return nutrients to the soil
Habitat
Niche
____ of mice, 16 mice / 64 sq ft = 1 mouse per 4 sq ft
Density
Overlap is competition, over time will be ____ or will have to find a different ____, if the 2 species are directly competing natural selection will favor lack of ____
eliminated
niche
competition
Over time, competition can cause ____.
niche differentiation
____ - whole realm in which the species could exist
Fundamental niche
____ - what is actually available (versus what is possibly) often due to competition, specialized become more specific to food they do not have to compete for
Realized niche
____ - tendency for two species to diverge in characteristics and resource use.
Character displacement
____ - consumption of the prey by the predator
Predation
____ - slight differentiation of niches, reduces competition among coexisting species.
Resource partitioning
Prey-Predator relationship can ____, the prey often evolves first to escape the predator, but then the predator evolves to keep up (can also work in herbivores and plants)
coevolve
____ result from predator/prey interactions
population cycles
Many ____ have many defenses, toxins, thorns etc

(in hawaii no ____ has these defenses, since they had no large grazing animals)
plants
plant
____ - blending in with your environment
Toad on stone etc
Cryptic coloration
____ - jellyfish, often in aquatic environmets
Transparency
____ - advertising you have poison or toxin etc, warn predators to stay away, many aquatic species do this, skunks, poison dark frogs
Aposematic coloration
____ - moth w/ big eyespots, startle the predator to give escape time, or the bird runs away
Divert attention
____ - horns, spines, hooves, antlers etc

____ are typically not a defensive item, they are for eating, occasionally w/in same species fighting
Weapons
Teeth
____ - snake, possum - the predator doesn’t want to mess with this dying animal might hurt the predator
Play dead
____ - living in groups, cannot handle all those beaks/talons
Mobbing predator
____ - crabs often do this , cover itself with stuff from its environment
Decorate themselves
____ - hard time to distinguish on any one single zebra (need the vertical stripes
Disruptive coloration
____ - one harmless species looks like a deadly species, mimics the deadly species
Batesian mimicry
____ - you avoid all yellow-black flying insects, (____ = many)
Mullerian mimicry
mullerian
____ causes disease/death
Pathogen
____ - inside the body of the host

____ - outside body of the host
Endoparasite
Ectoparasite
____ - dead insects with fungi growing out of them
Fungal parasites
Cowbird - first to hatch, gets rid of all the other bird eggs before it hatches, the mother takes care of all the others (cowbird)
____ - bird recognizes cowbird egg and doesn’t hatch it, builds nest material up so it doesn’t warm it etc
Coevolution
____ - one benefits and the other is not affected at all
(Vines on tree in a large rainforest.)
Commensialism
____ - Both species benefit
(bullhorn acacia and the ant)
Mutualism
____ - close generally long-term associations between two or more species.
Symbiosis
____ - one species benefits, other is harmed.
Parasitism
____ or ____ up the niche, same food but slightly different areas. (similar or overlaps separate niches)

Classic example these warblers all like the same food/tree but they divide up their resources based on the tree height, do not interact.

Darwins finches - small versus large nuts vs insects vs nectar.
partition
carve
____ - first living things to come into an environment and live there.

____ - most stable life (vegetation/environments) that can survive in that area, are particularly diverse.

Description of a biome is of the ____.
Pioneer community
Climax community
Climax community
All communities are ____ at one point or another.
disturbed/changed
____ - more opportunities for other
species to come and settle, increase in diversity
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
____ : storm, flood, fire, drought
____ - logging, urbanization, agriculture (overgrazing)
Natural Disturbance
Human activity disturbance
- community development over time, gradual change in plant and animal life in an area, especially after a disturbance.
Ecological succession
____- newly formed area, no soil one of the things lichen help to do
Ex. Island forming, manmade pond, after volcanic eruption
Primary succession
____ - already have the soil, a disturbed area so much faster to get to the climax community. Much more common.
Ex. Abandon a field or front yard
Secondary succession
Humans speed up the process of ____. Due to fertilizers and pollution, it occurs naturally but over thousands of years.
Ecological succession
____ - how aquatic environments age over time, natural process that takes place over a long period of time - due to nutrient enrichment
Eutrophication
____ - More nitrogen and phosphorus causes life to grow more quickly.
Algae and plants grow fast, settle to the bottom, and then decomposers go to action they use up oxygen and put out carbon dioxide - they become so numerous that they use up the vast majority of the oxygen available to the environment.
Eutrophication
____ = source to sink!
Phloem
Hermit crabs eat dead things, is a ____, most ____ are animals.
detrivore
detrivore
____ -One way, cannot be reused
____ -Can be used over and over, nitrogen, etc
flow of energy
cycling of materials
____ - uses sunlight
____ - use inorganic chemicals, often in water
____ - eat primary
Phototroph
Chemotroph
Secondary
____ - produce their own carbs
Autotroph
____ - eat organic for nutrition etc, but use light for energy
Photoheterotroph
We are ____ - have to eat organic compounds (stuff that contains carbon) to fuel the process and provide the carbon for nutrition etc
chemoheterotroph
____ - autotroph w/ chemical energy source
Chemoautotroph
____ - decomposer, usually a prokaryote
Saprobe
____ - feed on living organism
Parasite
____, no prokaryote can use it as a source of energy
Non-biodegradable
Oxygen requirements - (prokaryote)
____ need oxygen
____ don’t need oxygen

____, must!
____, can but not necessary (either way it will be fine)
Aerobe
Anerobe
Obligate
Faculative
Primary producers are ____, phototrophs or chemotrophs
Primary consumers are ____.
Secondary consumers are ____.
____ eat both plant and animal matter.
autotrophs
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
Protist Feeding
____ ex. Paramecium, has to take food into its body. (like us)

____ ex amoeba, surrounds food and slowly absorbs food into its body.
Phagotroph
Osmotroph
!absorptive feeding - ____
osmotroph
____, Substrate feeder, lives inside its food source, absorbing it as it grows
Fungi
____ - tip of the hyphae (picture is fungus preying on nematode, forms a lasso and capture one, constricts in a tenth of a second)
Haustorium
____ - sponge, baleen whales, flamingos, lots of aquatic animals
Suspension feeder
____ - live in the food, as moves through it
Substrate feeder
____ - vampire bats, mosquitoes, humming birds
____ - big chunks of food
Fluid feeder
Bulk feeder
____ - how far you are removed from the sunlight.
Trophic level
____ - are the species that use the sunlight
Primary/1st level
____ - grass
____ - grasshopper
____ - snake
____ - hawk
____ - often not listed
Producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Decomposer
____ - is always down/out into the system (one way flow)
Energy flow
Interlinked food chain = ____
Arrows are one thing into another (eating it)
food web
At the bottom remember, ____.
Fox can be secondary, or tertiary consumer (4th or 5th etc)
One organism can occupy many different ____ levels.
primary consumer
trophic
Less energy available as you move up the food web, estimate that ___ of energy is lost going up every level.
Also constantly giving off ____.
90%
heat
____ - species whose impact on its community or ecosystem is much larger and more influential than would be expected by mere abundance
Keystone species
Both top predators as well as less conspicuous species (tropical figs and some microorganisms) often play essential roles in their community -
Keystone species
Pyramid - visual representation of ____
NEVER inverted!, always a pyramid shape!
trophic levels
Food chains are limited by the ____ of energy transfer along the chain. Approx ____ transfer from one trophic level to the next.
inefficiency
10% energy
General idea - eating ____ on the food chain is more energy efficient.
lower
____ - dryweight,
Pyramid of numbers, this one may be ____!, think oak tree supports a large number of other animals
Biomass
inverted
____ - toxic chemicals don’t break down and may not be excreted (often stored in fat)
As you go up food chain get more and more concentrated
Biomagnification/bioaccumulation
Longer food chain ____ -
Phytoplankton - zooplankton - crustacean - fish - squid - seal - killer whale
Leaf - insect - insect (preying) - spider - lizard - coyote - mountain lion
7 links
Coloring -
____ - blend in, camouflaged
____ - advertising poison/toxin unpleasantness
Cryptic (C-C)
Aposematic (A-A)
____ - Huge concentrations of DDT, or mercury for example - top aquatic predators have the high concentrations of this stuff.
Have to eat lots of stuff below you on the food chain
Biological Magnification
____ - amount of light energy converted into chemical energy (carbohydrate)/energy stored in chemical bonds (food, sugars) per unit time.
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
___ - GPP minus the energy used by the plant itself (plant uses some sugars etc for growth maintenance etc)
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
____ - energy used by the plant
Cellular Respiration
____, after surface - not much light = no photosynthesis
____ - more water moving through plant, = more photosynthesis
Open ocean
Warmer environment
Need lots of nutrients in trace amounts from the soil.
Reminder 90% of all seed plants have ____ (mutualistic, plants get added absorption and fungus get carbs)
mycorrhizae
As plants became ____, plant had to adapt

Biggest problem, how do you transport water? You don’t have all water access everywhere

Plants developed ____ (when ____ think ____ our)
terrestrial
vascular tissue
vascular
vascular vessels
____ - transports water, and any nutrients in the water (x & w) typically up, from the roots
Xylem
____ - transports sugar from wherever sugar where it was produced to where it was needed, often flowing down (think leaves to roots)
Phloem
____ is like a dead column of cells, like a straw
Xylem
Each growing season, new band of ____ . Live ____ - means ____ being used (cells not developing etc)
xylem
xylem
xylem
Bark is made of many components - one of them is the living ____.
Can girdle a tree, strip an inch of bark all around the tree will kill a tree, because you have removed the ____.
phloem
phloem
____ - on the underneath side of the leaves, because on top evaporation would be happening too quickly.

____ - exist (for gas exchange) so it can take in Carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
Stomata
Stomata
Heartwood = ____
Sapwood = ____
dead xylem
live xylem
____ - excess of sugar
____ - deficit of sugar
source
sink
Every stomata has 2 ____ (like 2 lips)
If ____ swell the stomata opens

In a "drought" ____ lose water in their vacuoles, not enough water in the environment the ____ close

Sunlight triggers ____ to open
Lack of sunlight triggers ____ to close (conserve water when they cant perform photosynthesis)
guard cells
cells
guard cells
cells
guard cells
guard cells
____ - need sugar but do not produce it themselves
Sink
Transpiration = ____!
xylem
____ - loss of water from leaves of plant, (basically evaporation)
This is critical to move water through the plant
Transpiration
____ - Water (polar) molecules are attracted, move one water molecule up the whole chain is moved up.
Also ____ plays a part, molecules are attracted to the walls of the "straw"
Cohesion
adhesion
____, important make sure everything keeps working specifically in hot environments
Evaporative cooling
Higher temperature, higher wind, more sunlight, stomato open, ____ because evaporation increases.
Humid day - ____
Stomata closed - ____
increase transpiration
decrease transpiration
decrease transpiration
____ - the previous slides, everything we discussed about water, etc moving through the plants
Cohesion-tension theory
____ (dry plant adaptation)
Xerophytes
Have to balance ____ open for gas exchange, but have ____ increase.
stomata
transpiration
____ -> how translocation occurs
Pressure - flow model
____ = phloem!
Just flow until it hits a low "pressure" area and it flows there
Translocation
____ - movement of nutrient elements/inorganic substances through biosphere by physical and biological processes
Biogeochemical cycles
____ = food chains/web start breaking down etc
Losing biodiversity
____ = all of your food chains/webs are working properly
Healthy biodiversity
____ = no recovery time!
Overhunting, very common w/ fish
Often the fact is not only that we leave land, but land has to be interconnected!
Large species need large enough hunting grounds!
fragmentation of habitats
____ -
Panama canal, we flooded a tremendous amount of land, the whole area/habitat has changed dramatically
Burning/destruction of the rainforest
Habitat destruction
Worldwide number 1 reason of rainforest destruction is ____ -

Growing food just for their family
subsistence agriculture
____ - land once forested, now abandoned and becomes a desert
Desertification
____ - trap sunlight, act as a blanket and trap some of the suns heat in the lower atmosphere
Greenhouse gases
Any scientific journal, no debate that ____ is! Occuring
Actual mechanism is not 100 percent defined
global warming
____ - invasive or exotic species, moved to a new geographic location, often disrupt the "adopted community, reduce biodiversity
Introduced species
____ attempts to correct declining biodiversity
Conservation biology
Us put out ____ of worlds C02 w/ ____ of the world population
25%
5%
Power stations are biggest culprit, because vast portion of world runs on coal!

C02 is 72%, methane is 18 percent
Greenhouse gas emissions
____ - moving out of tropics (virus carried by mosquitoes) (equivalent to malaria = serious of disease)
Dengue fever
____ beaches being washed away every year due to the sea level rise
Chesapeake bay
____ and ____ melting = greatest concern because ice is over land, not floating like artic ice!
greenland
antarctica
Notably! Australia and us signed but did not ratify it!
kyoto protocol
____ - public voted to increase their taxes for the country to go green
Sweden
Some music groups "repay" their carbon debt by contributing a portion of their money to ___ the carbon by donating it to places that will help out
offset
Some countries - ____ and ____ have met their pledge and even gone beyond it!, but other countries have increased in the other other direction and gone far beyond it!
russia
germany
Wind currents - cfcs transported to bottom over ____.
antartica
____ as a pollutant is not the same thing! - on hot hot days in late summer
Ozone
____ destroy ozone!, (last in atmopshere 100 years and destroy a lot lot of ozone)
Cfcs
____ layer in the upper stratosphere,
It filters sunlight as it come through to remove the "harshness of it"
So our dna does not get fried to a crisp - disrupt dna
Before life could move from water to land ____
Ozone
Ozone
____ - a synthetic compound that interferes with the endocrine system
Endocrine disrupter
Greenhouse gases include:
methane
nitrous oxide
CO2
Any toxins are ____ - manmade.

Lots of things in this list are ____.
synthetic chemicals
endocrine disruptors
____ - wonder drug/pesticide that killed of all sorts of pests fleas/lice etc, but eventually starts to harm species
Still used worldwide (very good at killing malaria carrying mosquitoes), even though it was banned in the us in 1972
DDT
____, remember do not break down once they are in the tissues, so continue to concentrate up the tropic levels
bioaccumulation
Two major type of digestions -
mechanical (physical) and chemical (typically enzymes and/or acids)
____ - multiple compartment stomach, can occasionally eat nonplant matter, but not common and they don’t need
Ruminant
____ - can have specialized organs, much more efficient, can take in more food
Complete digestive system
____ - non-ruminants, one simple stomach
Monogastric
____, Very tough fibrous plants - can digest cellulose
Extra digestive capability due to 4 stomachs
Microbial fermentation (anaerobic) - protists, bacteria fungus, any combination or only one
Ruminant
____ very similar to our stomach
____ kills the microbes w/ acid
Abomasum
Abomasum
____ folds, keeps on grinding
Omasum
The ____ is smooth and lots of water absorption, for a touch ball of food to be rechewed
reticulum
Ruminant Stomach Parts -
Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum
(1st 2 have 85% of the capacity)
Huge populations of bacteria, fungus and protists (loaded w/ microbes)
has grooves for food grinding
Rumen
Human digestive system is roughly ____ long.
30 feet
(28ish)
5 tasks digestive system is "responsible for"
(DAMES)
Mechanical processing and motility
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
____ = lubrication and protection from food and acid etc
Mucus
Transit time is roughly ____ (average some foods are longer)

____ - all digestive organs collectively
8 hours
gut
____ - mucus component

____ - somewhat chewed, mechanically digested food bound together by saliva
mucins
bolus
____ = acid reflux, esophagus is burning, a little bit of acid creeping up and the esophagus does not close all the way and that burns
heart burn
____ - small folds in the stomach, to allow that mechanical digestion to continue to occur
Rugae
As soon as you swallow = a ____.
____ caused by food in airway.
reflex
choking
____ - pH of 1.5-2.5, produced and secreted by cells of the stomach, capable of breaking down food on its own

____ - enzyme to digest protein, needs an acidic environment to work
HCL
Pepsin
____ - acid eating away at the wall of the stomach
No mucus
Most ulcers and stomach inflammations are caused by - ____
helicobacter pylori
End of stomach is the ____, the ____
controls the entering of food into the SI
pylorus
pyloric sphincter
____ is the largest gland in your body, a detoxifying organ
liver
____ - only thing wrong is too much alcohol, starts to breakdown because too much alcohol
Cirrhosis
____ - calcium, a diet w/ too much cholesterol, genetic, small as a grain of sand or as large as a golfball, often can get stuck in the bill duct - can be dangerous as well as painful
Gallstones
3 portions of the SI, ____, all the stuff hits the ____, (chyme, bicarbonate, enzymes etc)
DJI
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilieum
Duodenum
Food leaves the stomach and enters the SI it is now ____, stomach converts the ____ into ____.
chyme
bolus
chyme
The largest ____ in the body is the liver.
____ - solid organ that ____ and ____ stuff.
gland
gland
produces
secretes
The stomach releases ____ to the duodenum through the ____.
chyme
pyloric sphincter
____ Increase Surface area thousands of times.
Villi and Microvilli
____ - green liquid, emulsifies fats
Bile
____ - only thing wrong is too much alcohol, starts to breakdown because too much alcohol
Cirrhosis
Liver is the largest ____ in your body, a _____ organ .
gland
detoxifying
Bile leaves the gallbladder through the ____, and then joins the ____ from the liver.
cystic duct
common bile/hepatic duct
____ - calcium, a diet w/ too much cholesterol, genetic, small as a grain of sand or as large as a golfball, often can get stuck in the bill duct - can be dangerous as well as painful
Gallstones
____ - receives material from small intestine, ____ is on the end of the ____.
Cecum
Appendix
Cecum
____ - functions, holds and compacts undigested material; absorbs water and vitamins produced by resident intestinal bacteria.
Large intestine
____ - bacteria in large intestine, break down remaining nutrients, synthesize vitamins, _____
E coli
Vitamin K
____ - bulk, cleanses dead cells, prevent cancer, etc
Fiber
Large intestine = ____
colon
Colon "parts"
Ascending, transverse and descending colon
(sigmoidal too)
____ = indigestible waste and cellulose, dead cells, dead bacteria, etc.
Feces
____ can be affected by stress negatively, can slow down or speed up digestion
Sphincters
Selection pressure for ____ to not be very small because of increases chance of infection
cecum
Birds fly, ____ are heavy (same as hollow bones)

____ between esophagus and stomach, to store food temporarily and soften it, similar to function of teeth/mouth (slightly predigests food)
teeth
crop
____ - responsible for crushing food, strong muscular organ, lots of ridges, stones and pebbles etc go to this gizzard to mechanically digest this food
Gizzard
No ____ and no ____, all of their waste is expelled immediately
bladder
rectum
____ - lack of sufficient calories
Undernourished
____ - lacking in one or more essential nutrients
Malnourished
____ - sugars and starches
Carbs
Need ____ and ____ in diet
vitamins
minerals
Typically only can have to much ____ vitamins, the ____ excess will be washed out.
fat soluble
water soluble
____ Not enough ____, so not enough calcium, so bones can be misshapen and malformed
rickets / vitamin D deficiency
vitamin D
Minerals are ____ = no carbon
inorganic
___ list, All directly involved in cellular respiration, and other things too, so
Low levels = low energy
water soluble vitamin
Can be too low or too high!
BMI
____ off = think your hungry
Leptin hormone
____ associated with being overweight!
Health conditions
Estimated that ____ have asthma or allergies that have asthma like conditions
1/4 of americans
Diaphram,
relax = ____
Contract = ____
rise (RR)
drop (OO)
Negative pressure breathing all due to the ____! (humans)
diaphragm
Respiratory system is above the ____.
diaphragm
____ needs to be moist at all time

When in the water frogs respiration is almost always through the skin, even though they have ____.
Skin
lungs
____ - opening of the tracheae
spiracles
____ - tubes that branch that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, chitin lines all the ____
Tracheae
Tracheae
____ are pretty widespread, not just fish (salamanders, some hermit crabs)
Gills
(air has ____ more oxygen then water per unit volume)
20 times
____ - water comes in opposite direction of which blood is flowing - this increases the speed of oxygenation, constantly have fresh water meeting fresh blood
Countercurrent flow
Frogs ____ air

____ - (forced into lungs) Fills mouth with air, closes mouth, raises floor of mouth this forces air into lungs
"swallow"
Positive pressure breathing
Reptiles, skin is airtight
Breathing is similar to ours, they expand their ____ and this creates a vacuum ____, air rushes in.
ribcage
(negative pressure breathing)
Birds also have ____, they expand the muscles of their ____ and voila!
negative pressure breathing
chest
Depending on species ____ - fill a large portion of their body w/ ____. These increase the amount of oxygen capable. They get fresh air breathing and exhaling. Air goes pass lungs to airsacs, then exhale to the lungs. Then inhale to another airsac, etc.
7-9 air sacs
air
Left lung has ____ versus ____ on right because of heart
2 lobe
3
All of respiratory tract is lined w/ ____ to catch particles and to improve gas exchange
mucus
____ decreases the cohesion for water molecules, decrease water molecules attraction for each other
Keeps alveoli from sticking from itself
Surfactant
Black = lung term buildup of _____, looks bad but not worse part
Alveoli stick to each other,
Smoke also forces ____ to "lie down" flat, and more likely to get ____ in respiratory tract.
smoke particles
cilia
particles