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222 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
____ species is like a human, most of the young survive and most live to their old age
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Type 1
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____ is a medium number of young die
____ is most of the young die |
Type 2
Type 3 |
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2 types of competition -
____ - w/in the same species ____ - 2 different species competing, (generally negative for both, fight, lose energy, lose resources) |
Intraspecific
Interspecific |
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____ is generally a negative thing for species.
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Competition
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____ - same species, same place, same time
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Population
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Birth = ____
death = ____ immigrant = ____ emigrant = ____ |
arriving
leaving arriving leaving |
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____, birth rate declines, death rate declines, standard of living goes up, thing (blueification of italy etc) (shrinking birth rates!)
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Demographic transition
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____ - complete competitors cannot coexist, if they are completely competing one of them have to go
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Competitive exclusion principle
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____ - is where it lives "address"
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Habitat
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____ - role that an organism has in its environment
(what it does, all of its interactions, its "occupation") |
Ecological niche
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Species tend to ____ so it does not have to compete for that specific resource
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specalize
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Oak tree
____ - temperate deciduous forest ____ - shade, provide habitat for other organisms, feeds animals by its acorns, photosynthesize, drop its leaves - return nutrients to the soil |
Habitat
Niche |
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____ of mice, 16 mice / 64 sq ft = 1 mouse per 4 sq ft
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Density
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Overlap is competition, over time will be ____ or will have to find a different ____, if the 2 species are directly competing natural selection will favor lack of ____
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eliminated
niche competition |
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Over time, competition can cause ____.
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niche differentiation
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____ - whole realm in which the species could exist
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Fundamental niche
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____ - what is actually available (versus what is possibly) often due to competition, specialized become more specific to food they do not have to compete for
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Realized niche
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____ - tendency for two species to diverge in characteristics and resource use.
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Character displacement
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____ - consumption of the prey by the predator
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Predation
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____ - slight differentiation of niches, reduces competition among coexisting species.
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Resource partitioning
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Prey-Predator relationship can ____, the prey often evolves first to escape the predator, but then the predator evolves to keep up (can also work in herbivores and plants)
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coevolve
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____ result from predator/prey interactions
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population cycles
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Many ____ have many defenses, toxins, thorns etc
(in hawaii no ____ has these defenses, since they had no large grazing animals) |
plants
plant |
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____ - blending in with your environment
Toad on stone etc |
Cryptic coloration
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____ - jellyfish, often in aquatic environmets
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Transparency
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____ - advertising you have poison or toxin etc, warn predators to stay away, many aquatic species do this, skunks, poison dark frogs
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Aposematic coloration
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____ - moth w/ big eyespots, startle the predator to give escape time, or the bird runs away
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Divert attention
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____ - horns, spines, hooves, antlers etc
____ are typically not a defensive item, they are for eating, occasionally w/in same species fighting |
Weapons
Teeth |
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____ - snake, possum - the predator doesn’t want to mess with this dying animal might hurt the predator
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Play dead
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____ - living in groups, cannot handle all those beaks/talons
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Mobbing predator
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____ - crabs often do this , cover itself with stuff from its environment
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Decorate themselves
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____ - hard time to distinguish on any one single zebra (need the vertical stripes
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Disruptive coloration
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____ - one harmless species looks like a deadly species, mimics the deadly species
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Batesian mimicry
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____ - you avoid all yellow-black flying insects, (____ = many)
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Mullerian mimicry
mullerian |
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____ causes disease/death
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Pathogen
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____ - inside the body of the host
____ - outside body of the host |
Endoparasite
Ectoparasite |
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____ - dead insects with fungi growing out of them
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Fungal parasites
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Cowbird - first to hatch, gets rid of all the other bird eggs before it hatches, the mother takes care of all the others (cowbird)
____ - bird recognizes cowbird egg and doesn’t hatch it, builds nest material up so it doesn’t warm it etc |
Coevolution
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____ - one benefits and the other is not affected at all
(Vines on tree in a large rainforest.) |
Commensialism
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____ - Both species benefit
(bullhorn acacia and the ant) |
Mutualism
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____ - close generally long-term associations between two or more species.
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Symbiosis
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____ - one species benefits, other is harmed.
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Parasitism
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____ or ____ up the niche, same food but slightly different areas. (similar or overlaps separate niches)
Classic example these warblers all like the same food/tree but they divide up their resources based on the tree height, do not interact. Darwins finches - small versus large nuts vs insects vs nectar. |
partition
carve |
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____ - first living things to come into an environment and live there.
____ - most stable life (vegetation/environments) that can survive in that area, are particularly diverse. Description of a biome is of the ____. |
Pioneer community
Climax community Climax community |
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All communities are ____ at one point or another.
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disturbed/changed
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____ - more opportunities for other
species to come and settle, increase in diversity |
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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____ : storm, flood, fire, drought
____ - logging, urbanization, agriculture (overgrazing) |
Natural Disturbance
Human activity disturbance |
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- community development over time, gradual change in plant and animal life in an area, especially after a disturbance.
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Ecological succession
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____- newly formed area, no soil one of the things lichen help to do
Ex. Island forming, manmade pond, after volcanic eruption |
Primary succession
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____ - already have the soil, a disturbed area so much faster to get to the climax community. Much more common.
Ex. Abandon a field or front yard |
Secondary succession
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Humans speed up the process of ____. Due to fertilizers and pollution, it occurs naturally but over thousands of years.
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Ecological succession
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____ - how aquatic environments age over time, natural process that takes place over a long period of time - due to nutrient enrichment
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Eutrophication
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____ - More nitrogen and phosphorus causes life to grow more quickly.
Algae and plants grow fast, settle to the bottom, and then decomposers go to action they use up oxygen and put out carbon dioxide - they become so numerous that they use up the vast majority of the oxygen available to the environment. |
Eutrophication
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____ = source to sink!
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Phloem
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Hermit crabs eat dead things, is a ____, most ____ are animals.
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detrivore
detrivore |
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____ -One way, cannot be reused
____ -Can be used over and over, nitrogen, etc |
flow of energy
cycling of materials |
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____ - uses sunlight
____ - use inorganic chemicals, often in water ____ - eat primary |
Phototroph
Chemotroph Secondary |
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____ - produce their own carbs
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Autotroph
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____ - eat organic for nutrition etc, but use light for energy
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Photoheterotroph
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We are ____ - have to eat organic compounds (stuff that contains carbon) to fuel the process and provide the carbon for nutrition etc
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chemoheterotroph
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____ - autotroph w/ chemical energy source
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Chemoautotroph
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____ - decomposer, usually a prokaryote
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Saprobe
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____ - feed on living organism
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Parasite
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____, no prokaryote can use it as a source of energy
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Non-biodegradable
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Oxygen requirements - (prokaryote)
____ need oxygen ____ don’t need oxygen ____, must! ____, can but not necessary (either way it will be fine) |
Aerobe
Anerobe Obligate Faculative |
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Primary producers are ____, phototrophs or chemotrophs
Primary consumers are ____. Secondary consumers are ____. ____ eat both plant and animal matter. |
autotrophs
herbivores carnivores omnivores |
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Protist Feeding
____ ex. Paramecium, has to take food into its body. (like us) ____ ex amoeba, surrounds food and slowly absorbs food into its body. |
Phagotroph
Osmotroph |
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!absorptive feeding - ____
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osmotroph
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____, Substrate feeder, lives inside its food source, absorbing it as it grows
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Fungi
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____ - tip of the hyphae (picture is fungus preying on nematode, forms a lasso and capture one, constricts in a tenth of a second)
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Haustorium
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____ - sponge, baleen whales, flamingos, lots of aquatic animals
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Suspension feeder
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____ - live in the food, as moves through it
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Substrate feeder
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____ - vampire bats, mosquitoes, humming birds
____ - big chunks of food |
Fluid feeder
Bulk feeder |
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____ - how far you are removed from the sunlight.
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Trophic level
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____ - are the species that use the sunlight
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Primary/1st level
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____ - grass
____ - grasshopper ____ - snake ____ - hawk ____ - often not listed |
Producer
Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Decomposer |
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____ - is always down/out into the system (one way flow)
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Energy flow
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Interlinked food chain = ____
Arrows are one thing into another (eating it) |
food web
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At the bottom remember, ____.
Fox can be secondary, or tertiary consumer (4th or 5th etc) One organism can occupy many different ____ levels. |
primary consumer
trophic |
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Less energy available as you move up the food web, estimate that ___ of energy is lost going up every level.
Also constantly giving off ____. |
90%
heat |
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____ - species whose impact on its community or ecosystem is much larger and more influential than would be expected by mere abundance
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Keystone species
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Both top predators as well as less conspicuous species (tropical figs and some microorganisms) often play essential roles in their community -
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Keystone species
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Pyramid - visual representation of ____
NEVER inverted!, always a pyramid shape! |
trophic levels
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Food chains are limited by the ____ of energy transfer along the chain. Approx ____ transfer from one trophic level to the next.
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inefficiency
10% energy |
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General idea - eating ____ on the food chain is more energy efficient.
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lower
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____ - dryweight,
Pyramid of numbers, this one may be ____!, think oak tree supports a large number of other animals |
Biomass
inverted |
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____ - toxic chemicals don’t break down and may not be excreted (often stored in fat)
As you go up food chain get more and more concentrated |
Biomagnification/bioaccumulation
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Longer food chain ____ -
Phytoplankton - zooplankton - crustacean - fish - squid - seal - killer whale Leaf - insect - insect (preying) - spider - lizard - coyote - mountain lion |
7 links
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Coloring -
____ - blend in, camouflaged ____ - advertising poison/toxin unpleasantness |
Cryptic (C-C)
Aposematic (A-A) |
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____ - Huge concentrations of DDT, or mercury for example - top aquatic predators have the high concentrations of this stuff.
Have to eat lots of stuff below you on the food chain |
Biological Magnification
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____ - amount of light energy converted into chemical energy (carbohydrate)/energy stored in chemical bonds (food, sugars) per unit time.
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Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
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___ - GPP minus the energy used by the plant itself (plant uses some sugars etc for growth maintenance etc)
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Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
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____ - energy used by the plant
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Cellular Respiration
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____, after surface - not much light = no photosynthesis
____ - more water moving through plant, = more photosynthesis |
Open ocean
Warmer environment |
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Need lots of nutrients in trace amounts from the soil.
Reminder 90% of all seed plants have ____ (mutualistic, plants get added absorption and fungus get carbs) |
mycorrhizae
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As plants became ____, plant had to adapt
Biggest problem, how do you transport water? You don’t have all water access everywhere Plants developed ____ (when ____ think ____ our) |
terrestrial
vascular tissue vascular vascular vessels |
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____ - transports water, and any nutrients in the water (x & w) typically up, from the roots
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Xylem
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____ - transports sugar from wherever sugar where it was produced to where it was needed, often flowing down (think leaves to roots)
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Phloem
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____ is like a dead column of cells, like a straw
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Xylem
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Each growing season, new band of ____ . Live ____ - means ____ being used (cells not developing etc)
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xylem
xylem xylem |
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Bark is made of many components - one of them is the living ____.
Can girdle a tree, strip an inch of bark all around the tree will kill a tree, because you have removed the ____. |
phloem
phloem |
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____ - on the underneath side of the leaves, because on top evaporation would be happening too quickly.
____ - exist (for gas exchange) so it can take in Carbon dioxide and release oxygen. |
Stomata
Stomata |
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Heartwood = ____
Sapwood = ____ |
dead xylem
live xylem |
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____ - excess of sugar
____ - deficit of sugar |
source
sink |
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Every stomata has 2 ____ (like 2 lips)
If ____ swell the stomata opens In a "drought" ____ lose water in their vacuoles, not enough water in the environment the ____ close Sunlight triggers ____ to open Lack of sunlight triggers ____ to close (conserve water when they cant perform photosynthesis) |
guard cells
cells guard cells cells guard cells guard cells |
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____ - need sugar but do not produce it themselves
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Sink
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Transpiration = ____!
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xylem
|
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____ - loss of water from leaves of plant, (basically evaporation)
This is critical to move water through the plant |
Transpiration
|
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____ - Water (polar) molecules are attracted, move one water molecule up the whole chain is moved up.
Also ____ plays a part, molecules are attracted to the walls of the "straw" |
Cohesion
adhesion |
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____, important make sure everything keeps working specifically in hot environments
|
Evaporative cooling
|
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Higher temperature, higher wind, more sunlight, stomato open, ____ because evaporation increases.
Humid day - ____ Stomata closed - ____ |
increase transpiration
decrease transpiration decrease transpiration |
|
____ - the previous slides, everything we discussed about water, etc moving through the plants
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Cohesion-tension theory
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____ (dry plant adaptation)
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Xerophytes
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Have to balance ____ open for gas exchange, but have ____ increase.
|
stomata
transpiration |
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____ -> how translocation occurs
|
Pressure - flow model
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____ = phloem!
Just flow until it hits a low "pressure" area and it flows there |
Translocation
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____ - movement of nutrient elements/inorganic substances through biosphere by physical and biological processes
|
Biogeochemical cycles
|
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____ = food chains/web start breaking down etc
|
Losing biodiversity
|
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____ = all of your food chains/webs are working properly
|
Healthy biodiversity
|
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____ = no recovery time!
|
Overhunting, very common w/ fish
|
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Often the fact is not only that we leave land, but land has to be interconnected!
Large species need large enough hunting grounds! |
fragmentation of habitats
|
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____ -
Panama canal, we flooded a tremendous amount of land, the whole area/habitat has changed dramatically Burning/destruction of the rainforest |
Habitat destruction
|
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Worldwide number 1 reason of rainforest destruction is ____ -
Growing food just for their family |
subsistence agriculture
|
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____ - land once forested, now abandoned and becomes a desert
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Desertification
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____ - trap sunlight, act as a blanket and trap some of the suns heat in the lower atmosphere
|
Greenhouse gases
|
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Any scientific journal, no debate that ____ is! Occuring
Actual mechanism is not 100 percent defined |
global warming
|
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____ - invasive or exotic species, moved to a new geographic location, often disrupt the "adopted community, reduce biodiversity
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Introduced species
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____ attempts to correct declining biodiversity
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Conservation biology
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Us put out ____ of worlds C02 w/ ____ of the world population
|
25%
5% |
|
Power stations are biggest culprit, because vast portion of world runs on coal!
C02 is 72%, methane is 18 percent |
Greenhouse gas emissions
|
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____ - moving out of tropics (virus carried by mosquitoes) (equivalent to malaria = serious of disease)
|
Dengue fever
|
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____ beaches being washed away every year due to the sea level rise
|
Chesapeake bay
|
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____ and ____ melting = greatest concern because ice is over land, not floating like artic ice!
|
greenland
antarctica |
|
Notably! Australia and us signed but did not ratify it!
|
kyoto protocol
|
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____ - public voted to increase their taxes for the country to go green
|
Sweden
|
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Some music groups "repay" their carbon debt by contributing a portion of their money to ___ the carbon by donating it to places that will help out
|
offset
|
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Some countries - ____ and ____ have met their pledge and even gone beyond it!, but other countries have increased in the other other direction and gone far beyond it!
|
russia
germany |
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Wind currents - cfcs transported to bottom over ____.
|
antartica
|
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____ as a pollutant is not the same thing! - on hot hot days in late summer
|
Ozone
|
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____ destroy ozone!, (last in atmopshere 100 years and destroy a lot lot of ozone)
|
Cfcs
|
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____ layer in the upper stratosphere,
It filters sunlight as it come through to remove the "harshness of it" So our dna does not get fried to a crisp - disrupt dna Before life could move from water to land ____ |
Ozone
Ozone |
|
____ - a synthetic compound that interferes with the endocrine system
|
Endocrine disrupter
|
|
Greenhouse gases include:
|
methane
nitrous oxide CO2 |
|
Any toxins are ____ - manmade.
Lots of things in this list are ____. |
synthetic chemicals
endocrine disruptors |
|
____ - wonder drug/pesticide that killed of all sorts of pests fleas/lice etc, but eventually starts to harm species
Still used worldwide (very good at killing malaria carrying mosquitoes), even though it was banned in the us in 1972 |
DDT
|
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____, remember do not break down once they are in the tissues, so continue to concentrate up the tropic levels
|
bioaccumulation
|
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Two major type of digestions -
|
mechanical (physical) and chemical (typically enzymes and/or acids)
|
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____ - multiple compartment stomach, can occasionally eat nonplant matter, but not common and they don’t need
|
Ruminant
|
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____ - can have specialized organs, much more efficient, can take in more food
|
Complete digestive system
|
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____ - non-ruminants, one simple stomach
|
Monogastric
|
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____, Very tough fibrous plants - can digest cellulose
Extra digestive capability due to 4 stomachs Microbial fermentation (anaerobic) - protists, bacteria fungus, any combination or only one |
Ruminant
|
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____ very similar to our stomach
____ kills the microbes w/ acid |
Abomasum
Abomasum |
|
____ folds, keeps on grinding
|
Omasum
|
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The ____ is smooth and lots of water absorption, for a touch ball of food to be rechewed
|
reticulum
|
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Ruminant Stomach Parts -
|
Rumen
Reticulum Omasum Abomasum (1st 2 have 85% of the capacity) |
|
Huge populations of bacteria, fungus and protists (loaded w/ microbes)
has grooves for food grinding |
Rumen
|
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Human digestive system is roughly ____ long.
|
30 feet
(28ish) |
|
5 tasks digestive system is "responsible for"
|
(DAMES)
Mechanical processing and motility Secretion Digestion Absorption Elimination |
|
____ = lubrication and protection from food and acid etc
|
Mucus
|
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Transit time is roughly ____ (average some foods are longer)
____ - all digestive organs collectively |
8 hours
gut |
|
____ - mucus component
____ - somewhat chewed, mechanically digested food bound together by saliva |
mucins
bolus |
|
____ = acid reflux, esophagus is burning, a little bit of acid creeping up and the esophagus does not close all the way and that burns
|
heart burn
|
|
____ - small folds in the stomach, to allow that mechanical digestion to continue to occur
|
Rugae
|
|
As soon as you swallow = a ____.
____ caused by food in airway. |
reflex
choking |
|
____ - pH of 1.5-2.5, produced and secreted by cells of the stomach, capable of breaking down food on its own
____ - enzyme to digest protein, needs an acidic environment to work |
HCL
Pepsin |
|
____ - acid eating away at the wall of the stomach
|
No mucus
|
|
Most ulcers and stomach inflammations are caused by - ____
|
helicobacter pylori
|
|
End of stomach is the ____, the ____
controls the entering of food into the SI |
pylorus
pyloric sphincter |
|
____ is the largest gland in your body, a detoxifying organ
|
liver
|
|
____ - only thing wrong is too much alcohol, starts to breakdown because too much alcohol
|
Cirrhosis
|
|
____ - calcium, a diet w/ too much cholesterol, genetic, small as a grain of sand or as large as a golfball, often can get stuck in the bill duct - can be dangerous as well as painful
|
Gallstones
|
|
3 portions of the SI, ____, all the stuff hits the ____, (chyme, bicarbonate, enzymes etc)
|
DJI
Duodenum Jejunum Ilieum Duodenum |
|
Food leaves the stomach and enters the SI it is now ____, stomach converts the ____ into ____.
|
chyme
bolus chyme |
|
The largest ____ in the body is the liver.
____ - solid organ that ____ and ____ stuff. |
gland
gland produces secretes |
|
The stomach releases ____ to the duodenum through the ____.
|
chyme
pyloric sphincter |
|
____ Increase Surface area thousands of times.
|
Villi and Microvilli
|
|
____ - green liquid, emulsifies fats
|
Bile
|
|
____ - only thing wrong is too much alcohol, starts to breakdown because too much alcohol
|
Cirrhosis
|
|
Liver is the largest ____ in your body, a _____ organ .
|
gland
detoxifying |
|
Bile leaves the gallbladder through the ____, and then joins the ____ from the liver.
|
cystic duct
common bile/hepatic duct |
|
____ - calcium, a diet w/ too much cholesterol, genetic, small as a grain of sand or as large as a golfball, often can get stuck in the bill duct - can be dangerous as well as painful
|
Gallstones
|
|
____ - receives material from small intestine, ____ is on the end of the ____.
|
Cecum
Appendix Cecum |
|
____ - functions, holds and compacts undigested material; absorbs water and vitamins produced by resident intestinal bacteria.
|
Large intestine
|
|
____ - bacteria in large intestine, break down remaining nutrients, synthesize vitamins, _____
|
E coli
Vitamin K |
|
____ - bulk, cleanses dead cells, prevent cancer, etc
|
Fiber
|
|
Large intestine = ____
|
colon
|
|
Colon "parts"
|
Ascending, transverse and descending colon
(sigmoidal too) |
|
____ = indigestible waste and cellulose, dead cells, dead bacteria, etc.
|
Feces
|
|
____ can be affected by stress negatively, can slow down or speed up digestion
|
Sphincters
|
|
Selection pressure for ____ to not be very small because of increases chance of infection
|
cecum
|
|
Birds fly, ____ are heavy (same as hollow bones)
____ between esophagus and stomach, to store food temporarily and soften it, similar to function of teeth/mouth (slightly predigests food) |
teeth
crop |
|
____ - responsible for crushing food, strong muscular organ, lots of ridges, stones and pebbles etc go to this gizzard to mechanically digest this food
|
Gizzard
|
|
No ____ and no ____, all of their waste is expelled immediately
|
bladder
rectum |
|
____ - lack of sufficient calories
|
Undernourished
|
|
____ - lacking in one or more essential nutrients
|
Malnourished
|
|
____ - sugars and starches
|
Carbs
|
|
Need ____ and ____ in diet
|
vitamins
minerals |
|
Typically only can have to much ____ vitamins, the ____ excess will be washed out.
|
fat soluble
water soluble |
|
____ Not enough ____, so not enough calcium, so bones can be misshapen and malformed
|
rickets / vitamin D deficiency
vitamin D |
|
Minerals are ____ = no carbon
|
inorganic
|
|
___ list, All directly involved in cellular respiration, and other things too, so
Low levels = low energy |
water soluble vitamin
|
|
Can be too low or too high!
|
BMI
|
|
____ off = think your hungry
|
Leptin hormone
|
|
____ associated with being overweight!
|
Health conditions
|
|
Estimated that ____ have asthma or allergies that have asthma like conditions
|
1/4 of americans
|
|
Diaphram,
relax = ____ Contract = ____ |
rise (RR)
drop (OO) |
|
Negative pressure breathing all due to the ____! (humans)
|
diaphragm
|
|
Respiratory system is above the ____.
|
diaphragm
|
|
____ needs to be moist at all time
When in the water frogs respiration is almost always through the skin, even though they have ____. |
Skin
lungs |
|
____ - opening of the tracheae
|
spiracles
|
|
____ - tubes that branch that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, chitin lines all the ____
|
Tracheae
Tracheae |
|
____ are pretty widespread, not just fish (salamanders, some hermit crabs)
|
Gills
|
|
(air has ____ more oxygen then water per unit volume)
|
20 times
|
|
____ - water comes in opposite direction of which blood is flowing - this increases the speed of oxygenation, constantly have fresh water meeting fresh blood
|
Countercurrent flow
|
|
Frogs ____ air
____ - (forced into lungs) Fills mouth with air, closes mouth, raises floor of mouth this forces air into lungs |
"swallow"
Positive pressure breathing |
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Reptiles, skin is airtight
Breathing is similar to ours, they expand their ____ and this creates a vacuum ____, air rushes in. |
ribcage
(negative pressure breathing) |
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Birds also have ____, they expand the muscles of their ____ and voila!
|
negative pressure breathing
chest |
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Depending on species ____ - fill a large portion of their body w/ ____. These increase the amount of oxygen capable. They get fresh air breathing and exhaling. Air goes pass lungs to airsacs, then exhale to the lungs. Then inhale to another airsac, etc.
|
7-9 air sacs
air |
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Left lung has ____ versus ____ on right because of heart
|
2 lobe
3 |
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All of respiratory tract is lined w/ ____ to catch particles and to improve gas exchange
|
mucus
|
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____ decreases the cohesion for water molecules, decrease water molecules attraction for each other
Keeps alveoli from sticking from itself |
Surfactant
|
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Black = lung term buildup of _____, looks bad but not worse part
Alveoli stick to each other, Smoke also forces ____ to "lie down" flat, and more likely to get ____ in respiratory tract. |
smoke particles
cilia particles |