Bio 181 Final

Front 1

Function of chemosensory cells

Back 1

sense the presence of certain chemicals in air or water

Front 2

Insect chemosensory cells

Back 2

on their mouth parts, legs, and antennae

Front 3

Mammal chemosensory cells

Back 3

olfactory receptors within the nasal cavity and taste buds on the tongue

Front 4

function of mechoreceptors in mammalian skin

Back 4

mechoreceptors in mammalian skin

Front 5

Large crustacean gravity/motion sensors

Back 5

Statocyst located at the base of the antenna in large crustaceans such as crayfish. The statocyst is a small sphere lined with cells that bear cilia. The hollow center of the structure contains a small particle about the size of a sand grain. As the orientation of the crayfish head changes, the inner particle moves and presses against different groups of cilia. This pressure is due to gravity. When the information is passed to the brain by sensory neurons, the animal knows which direction is down.

Front 6

Vertebrate gravity/motion sensors

Back 6

otoliths and fluid sacs in the skill for gravity
Often just called "the inner ear"

Front 7

Lateral line system in fish

Back 7

The "hair cells" that are able to detect vibrations and movement in the water

Front 8

Ear of amphibian

Back 8

Amphibians have tymapnic membrane

Front 9

Ear of mammal

Back 9

complicated 3 parts
Outer ear into the tympanic membrane ("eardrum").
Middle ear same as in amphibians but with 3 bones instead of one
The inner ear receives vibrations. The stapes vibrates against the oval window and the cochlea detects the vbrations/frequencies and sends information to the brain.

Front 10

Photoreception in euglena

Back 10

This protists has chloroplasts and makes food by photosynthesis.
Must be in the light; senses light with light-sens spot near flagella

Front 11

Photoreception in planarian

Back 11

planarian has a pair of eyecups on the upper surface of its head; by detecting light, it is able to move to dark places, more suitable for hiding

Front 12

Structure of eyecup

Back 12

group of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors
surrounded on one side by a layer of cells that contain pigment, which absorbs light coming from that direction
light can only be detected on one side of the cup.
the two eyecups face in opposite directions so that the direction of light can always be determined

Front 13

Structure and function of arthropod eye

Back 13

Simple eyes that form an image
Insects also have compound eyes with multiple lenses that are optimized for motion detection
Unlike eyecups, simple eyes have a lens to help focus

Front 14

Insect compound eye structure

Back 14

A number of individual units called ommatidia, each has a lens.
Eyes are on sides of head and very quick to notices changes in motion/light.

Front 15

Vertebrate and cephalopod mollusc eye

Back 15

complex, single-lens eye that forms a clear image

Front 16

Rods detect this in vertebrate eyes

Back 16

dim light
black and white images

Front 17

Cones detect this in verbrate eyes

Back 17

bright light
color images

Front 18

The iris of the vertebrate eye controls

Back 18

the amount of light let in

Front 19

Sponges lack a nervous system but respond to stimuli by

Back 19

pores that can open and close based upon water quality

Front 20

Radial symmetrical hydra nervous system

Back 20

Diffuse nervous system with no central control
Often a "nerve net"

Front 21

Bilaterally symmetrical planarian nervous system

Back 21

Because of varying degrees of cephalaziation, depends but always a collection of nerves at the "head"
Usually includes a nerve cord

Front 22

Ganglion is a

Back 22

concentration of nuerons

Front 23

Annelid nervous system

Back 23

Single or double nerve cords along ventral side
Pair of large ganglia in the head region

Front 24

Arthropod nervous system

Back 24

Similar to annelids but with a large complex brain
Ventral nerve cord with ganglia branches into periphery

Front 25

Cephalopod molluscs nervous systems

Back 25

larger concentration of nuerons in head
several subdivisions that control different bodily functions
2 pair of ventral nerve cords

Front 26

The brain of the octopus, a ___ is __.

Back 26

cephalopod mollusc
awesome

Front 27

Vertebrate nervous system

Back 27

Central nerve cord on dorsal side surrounded by vertebrate
Nerve cord has hollow center call spinal cord
Cranial nerves connect to paired spinal nerves

Front 28

These have a large brain

Back 28

Vertebrates

Front 29

Dendrite of neuron

Back 29

receive signals and conduct them towards the cell body

Front 30

Axon of neuron

Back 30

conduct signals away from cell body to another neuron or muscle

Front 31

Sensory neuron

Back 31

part of PNS
receive information from environment and transmit to CNS

Front 32

Motor neuron

Back 32

relay information from CNS to PNS

Front 33

Internueron

Back 33

Located within brain and spinal cord
Relay information from one neuron to another
Memory and reasoning ability related to internuerns

Front 34

Central nervous system

Back 34

CNS
brain and spinal cord

Front 35

Peripheral nervous system

Back 35

PNS
everything other than brain and spinal cord

Front 36

Structure/function of reflex arc

Back 36

The loop by which information goes from sensory neuron to spinal cord and a motor neuron (knee jerk)

Front 37

cerebral hemispheres

Back 37

form the largest part of the mammalian brain
They are the site of all higher order brain functions, including integration of sensory information, generation of commands to skeletal muscles, learning, memory, and the ability to reason

Front 38

Cerebral cortex

Back 38

Outer layer of cerebrum

Front 39

Hypothalamus

Back 39

forebrain outcroppings

Front 40

Cerebellum

Back 40

anterior
integrate information from cerebrum and spinal cord to coordinate multiple muscular contractions in a way that maintains balance and carries out the commands of the cerebrum

Front 41

medulla oblongata

Back 41

anterior, attaches brain to spinal cord
coordinates basic reflexes and controls homeostatic processes such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, and overall function of the digestive tract

Front 42

Four lobes of cerebrum

Back 42

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal

Front 43

Frontal lobe

Back 43

voluntary movement
decision making
controlling impulse
exhibiting judgement

Front 44

Parietal lobe

Back 44

receives and interprets sensory information from eyes and skin
Spatial awareness

Front 45

Occipital lobe

Back 45

controls vision and color recognition

Front 46

Temporal lobe

Back 46

Language
Hearing
Some memory

Front 47

Overlap between hypothalmus and medulla differs by

Back 47

hypothalmus works via hormone secretion
medulla acts through autonomic nervous system

Front 48

Part of the brain with folding

Back 48

central hemispheres

Front 49

Mammals with largest brain to body proportion

Back 49

humans
dolphins

Front 50

Neurosecretion is

Back 50

neurons that secrete hormones

Front 51

Neurosecretion originated in

Back 51

cnidarians

Front 52

neurosecretion as their main source of hormones

Back 52

flatworms
nematodes
annelids

Front 53

neurosecretion and an endocrine organ work together to regulate metamorphosis in moths

Back 53

2 hormones are required for molting, one from the brain (juvenile hormone) and one from the endocrine system (ecdysone)

Front 54

thyroid gland

Back 54

regulates the body's metabolic rate and provides feedback to the hypothalamus regarding blood levels of thyroid hormones

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Front 55

adrenal cortex

Back 55

secretes glucocorticoids that respond to stress and exert feedback by inhibiting secretion of ACTH
glucocorticoids

Front 56

ovaries

Back 56

estradiol and progesterone

Front 57

testes

Back 57

testosterone

Front 58

FSH

Back 58

stimulates follicle growth

Front 59

LH

Back 59

spikes to induce ovulation and increase progestin release

Front 60

Hypothalmus secretes GnRH to __.

High progestin creates__.

Back 60

induce the pitutary glad to produce FSH and LH

negative feedback.

Front 61

How mammals adapt to single sexual cycle per year

Back 61

Hormone secretion is turned off when not cycling and no mating occurs.

Front 62

Symptoms of diabetes

Back 62

fatigue, frequent urination, excessive thirst, and unusual weight loss

Front 63

Cause of type 1 diabetes

Cause of type 2 diabetes

Back 63

Type 1 the body's immune system mistakes the beta cells for pathogens and destroys them

pancreas over secretes for type 2 and wear out

Front 64

Nerves and hormones work together to regulate function of the human digestive system by

Back 64

controlling muscular contractions and the rate of secretion from digestive organs

Front 65

The digestive tract contains an independent network of nerves that control

Back 65

peristalsis and secretion

Front 66

Nervous system control of salivary gland secretion can be demonstrated by

Back 66

conditioning experiments

Front 67

Role of brain in digestion

Back 67

regulates satiety and appetite

Front 68

gastrin is produced here and does this

Back 68

stomach
causes stomach muscle to contract and acid to be produced

Front 69

secretin

Back 69

duodenum
release of bicarbonate

Front 70

CCK

Back 70

duodenum
release of bicarbonate and gall bladder contraction

Front 71

Enteric nerves' role in digestion

Back 71

When the stomach is stretched, nerve signals travel to the brain and appetite decreases. Hormones produced by the digestive tract travel to the brain via the blood stream and produce a feeling of satiety.

Front 72

Leptin is produced in

Back 72

fat tissue

Front 73

ADH

Back 73

antidiruetic hormone

Front 74

If water content of the blood decreases, this condition is detected by __ within the __ of the brain

Back 74

osmoreceptors
hypothalamus

Front 75

ADH acts by doing this

Back 75

travels to the kidneys and elicits increased reabsorption of water from the filtrate; less urine is produced and water is conserved.

Front 76

Aldosterone, produced in and does

Back 76

adrenal gland
stimulates sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Front 77

ANP

Back 77

atrium of heart

Front 78

Sympathetic nervous system

Back 78

readies body for action; increases heart rate, dilates bronchial tubes for easier breathing, and shuts down digestive functions to preserve energy for the muscles

Front 79

Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 79

restores body to resting; signals heart rate to slow, bronchial tubes to constrict, and digestion to resume

Front 80

Example of nervous and endocrine response to stress

Back 80

increase in heart and breathing rate that is elicited both by the hormone epinephrine and sympathetic nerves; additionally, sympathetic nerves stimulate secretion of epinephrine from the adrenal glands.

Front 81

Epinephrine is made here

Back 81

medulla

Front 82

Epinephrine has this effect

Back 82

produces many of the stress-response effects, most notably a dilation of bronchial tubes to allow deep, rapid breathing and an increase in heart rate

Front 83

Epinephrine has a __ effect

Back 83

short

Front 84

Glucocortoirids has a __ effect

Back 84

long

Front 85

Vagus nerve

Back 85

returns body to resting state