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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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synapomorphy
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shared primitive character
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symplesiomorphy
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shared derived character
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clumped; uniform; random
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types of population distribution
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semelparity
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reproduce offspring at a single time; parents die.
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iteroparity
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reproduce in successive years or breeding seasons
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seasonal iteroparity
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distinct breeding seasons
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continuous iteroparity
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reproduce repeatedly throughout the year
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survivorship
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probability an individual will survive to a certain age
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type I curve
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die late in life
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type II curve
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constant rate of death
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type III curve
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die early but survivors live long
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exponential growth
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resources not limiting; ideal
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logistic growth
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resources limiting (have carrying capacity of k)
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per capita rate of increase
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(r) growth rate
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density dependent factors
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effects become more intense at higher populations (ex competition)
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density independent
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catastrophic events; temperature
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k-selected
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larger; slower growth; more dependent
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r-selected
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faster rate of growth; less competitive
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ecological footprint
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amount of land we use in our lifetime
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competition-
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-/-
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amensalism-
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-/0
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predation; herbivory; parasitism-
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+/-
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mutualism-
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+/+
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commensalism-
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+/-
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neutralism -
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0/0
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intraspecific comp
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within one species
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interspecific comp
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between two diff species
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resource comp
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compete through consumption of same resource
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interference
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compete directly with force or intimidation
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what affects competition?
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abiotic & biotic factors
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competitive exclusion hypothesis
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complete competitors can't coexist
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resource partitioning
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changing of niches (both space & time) so that two species can coexist
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character displacement
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tendency for two species to diverge in morphology because of competition
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herbivory
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non-lethal predation on plant
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parasitism
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non-lethal; adult parasite lives & reproduces in host
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parasitoidism
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kills host;
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chemical defense
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antipredator strategy
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aposematic coloration
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advertises unpalatable taste
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cryptic coloration
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blends into background
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mimicry
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resembles another organism
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mullerian mimicry
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noxious species have coloration warning. ex bees
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batesian mimicry
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palatable resembles unpalatable to confuse
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displays of intimidation
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deceive predator about ease of eating prey
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fighting
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horns & antlers can be used in defense
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escape
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powerful jumping ability to get away
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armor
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shells of turtle to protect from predator
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masting
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production of a lot of eggs/young so some survive
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donor controlled system
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prey supply determined by factors other than predation; removal of predators has no effect on prey density
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predator controlled system
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action of predator feeding on prey reduces number of prey; removal of predator = increase in prey
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proposals why every plant isn't consumed
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1 predators and parasites keep herbivores low 2 plant defense makes a difference
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holoparasites
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lack chlorophyll; dependent upon host for water & nutrients
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hemiparasites
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photosynthesize but still need water from host
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monophagous parasite
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feed on one or two closely related hosts
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polyphagous parasite
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feed on a lot of hosts
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microparasites
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smaller; multiply within hosts
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macroparasites
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live in host but young are released outside host
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ectoparasite
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outside body
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endoparasite
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live in body
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defensive mutualism
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ex. animal protects plant/herbivore
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obligatory mutualism
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can't live without each other
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facultive mutualism
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can live without each other
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dispersive mutualism
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involves pollination and seed dispersal
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phoresy
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one organism uses another for transportation
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organismic model of community
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individuals and populations have relationships with each other that are like organs and tissues
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individualistic model of community
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coexist because of their requirements
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whittaker's principle of species individuality
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species are distributed according to needs; most communities integrade continuously; competition does not create distinct vegetation zones
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4 hypotheses to explain distribution
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CORRECT: centers & boundaries of populations are scattered on gradient
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what affects species richness?
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1. polar to temperate 2.topographical variation 3. peninsular effect
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species-area effect
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the more area, the more species
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species diversity incorporates..
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relative abundance & number of species
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eltons diversity-stability hypothesis
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disturbances in species rich would create less of an impact (was challenged though)
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intermediate disturbance hypothesis
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highest diversities are maintain with a medium level of disturbance.
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succession
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gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time
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primary succession
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succession on newly exposed site (no soil)
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secondary succession
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succession on site that has already supported living things
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phase of succession
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sere or seral stages
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facilitation
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succession that organisms colonize and make environment better for next generation
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inhibition
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succession that organisms exclude subsequent colonists; what gets there first determines the community
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tolerance
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any species can start succession, but eventual climax of community is reached in orderly fashion; middle ground
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island biogeography predictions
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1. as island gets bigger, species # should too 2. as island is further away, species # should decrease 3. species turnover should be large (FALSE)
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