Bio 172 Exam 1

Front 1

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Back 1

Formation of coenzyme in Krebs cycle, if deficient beriberi disease

Front 2

Vitamin B12

Back 2

coenzyme in synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids; formation of RBC's, if deficient then anemic

Front 3

Niacin

Back 3

component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+

Front 4

Folate

Back 4

coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism

Front 5

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Back 5

used in collagen synthesis, prevents oxidation of cell components, improves iron absorption, if deficient than scurvy

Front 6

Vitamin D

Back 6

aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus in small intestine, if deficient than rickets

Front 7

Calcium

Back 7

bone and tooth formation, nerve signaling, muscle response

Front 8

Phosphorus

Back 8

bone and tooth formation, synthesis of nucleotides and ATP

Front 9

Sulfer

Back 9

amino acid synthesis

Front 10

Magnesium

Back 10

enzyme cofactor

Front 11

Iron

Back 11

enzyme cofactor; synthesis of hemoglobin and electron carriers

Front 12

Fluorine

Back 12

maintenance of tooth structure

Front 13

Mouth

Back 13

mechanically and chemically processes food. chewing reduces size of food and saliva digests carbohydrates

Front 14

Esophagus

Back 14

transports food mechanically via peristalsis

Front 15

Stomach

Back 15

Mechanical and chemical processing for the digestion of proteins

Front 16

Small intestine

Back 16

Chemical processing and absorption for the digestion of proteins, fats, and carbs, also for absorption of nutrients and water

Front 17

Large intestine

Back 17

water absorption and feces formation

Front 18

Rectum

Back 18

holds feces

Front 19

Anus

Back 19

eliminates feces

Front 20

Salivary glands

Back 20

secretes salivary amylase that digests carbs, supplies lubricating mucus

Front 21

Liver

Back 21

produces bile salts, secretes molecules required for the digestion of fats, and stores glycogen

Front 22

Gallbladder

Back 22

stores bile from the liver; empties into small intestine to emulsify fats

Front 23

Pancreas

Back 23

gland attached to small intestine that secretes pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, and trypsin into the small intestine and insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

Front 24

Pancreatic amylase

Back 24

a carb digesting enzyme in the lumen of the s.i. that breaks carbs into mono, di, and tri saccharides

Front 25

Pancreatic lipase

Back 25

a fat digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas into the lumen of the small intestine. with help from bile salts breaks lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids

Front 26

Pepsin

Back 26

a protein digesting enzyme produce in the stomach that degrades large polypeptides to smaller polypeptides

Front 27

trypsin

Back 27

a protein digesting enzyme produced by the pancreas, secreted in the small intestine, and activated by enterokinase, it in turn activates several other protein digesting enzymes

Front 28

enterokinase

Back 28

converts trypsinogen from the pancreas into active trypsin

Front 29

Chylomicrons

Back 29

a ball of protein coated lipids, used to transport the lipids through the bloodstream

Front 30

Cardiac sphincter

Back 30

top stomach sphincter

Front 31

pyloric sphincter

Back 31

bottom stomach sphincter

Front 32

Parietal Cells

Back 32

cells in stomach lining that secrete HCL

Front 33

Chief cells

Back 33

cells in stomach lining that secrete pepsinogen

Front 34

Secretin

Back 34

stimulates flow of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from pancreas

Front 35

Cholecystokinin

Back 35

stimulates release of trypsinogen and other enzymes from pancreas

Front 36

Bile salts

Back 36

produced in liver, act as emulsifying agents in the small intestine

Front 37

What happens if glucose levels are too high?

Back 37

The pancreas secretes insulin

Front 38

What happens if glucose levels are too low?

Back 38

The pancreas secretes glucagon

Front 39

Describe when aquatic habitats have low oxygen partial pressures

Back 39

stagnant, warm

Front 40

Describe when aquatic habitats have high oxygen partial pressures

Back 40

moving, agitated, and cold

Front 41

How do the organs responsible for gas exchange maximize the rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion?

Back 41

by presenting a large thin surface area to the environment

Front 42

What is the equation for the rate of diffusion?

Back 42

R= k A (P2-P1)/D

Front 43

Countercurrent flow

Back 43

maximizes oxygen diffusion across gills, the water flows over lamellae in the opposite direction of bloodflow through lamellae

Front 44

What are the three main branching units of the lungs?

Back 44

The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles