Bio 17

Front 1

hormone

Back 1

chemical signal that is secreted into the circulatory system and communicates regulatory messages within the body

Front 2

nervous system

Back 2

Conveys high-speed electrical signals along specialized cells called neurons
-

Front 3

endocrine system

Back 3

Secretes hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses to stimuli

Front 4

neurosecretory cells

Back 4

Specialized nerve cells
-Release neurohormones into the blood
-long-distance regulators of many physiological processes

Front 5

control pathways

Back 5

Is a feedback loop connecting the response to the initial stimulus

Front 6

negative feedback

Back 6

Regulates many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis

Front 7

signaling

Back 7

Reception
Signal transduction
Response

Front 8

The receptors for most water-soluble hormones

Back 8

Are embedded in the plasma membrane, projecting outward from the cell surface

Front 9

Binding of a hormone to its receptor

Back 9

Initiates a signal transduction pathway leading to specific responses in the cytoplasm or a change in gene expression

Front 10

epinephrine

Back 10

Has multiple effects in mediating the body’s response to short-term stress

Front 11

Steroids, thyroid hormones, and the hormonal form of vitamin D

Back 11

Enter target cells and bind to specific protein receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Front 12

protein receptor complexes

Back 12

act as transcription factors in the nucleus, regulating transcription of specific genes

Front 13

paracrine signaling

Back 13

Various types of chemical signals elicit responses in nearby target cells

Front 14

Local regulators

Back 14

Neurotransmitters
Cytokines and growth factors
Nitric oxide
Prostaglandins

Front 15

prostaglandins

Back 15

help regulate the aggregation of platelets

Front 16

hypothalmus

Back 16

hormones released form the posterier pitituary that regulate anterior pitutary

Front 17

oxytocin

Back 17

stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary gland cells
-regulated by nervous system

Front 18

antiduretic hormone (ADH)

Back 18

retention of water by kidneys

Front 19

growth hormone (GH)

Back 19

promotes growth
-hypothalmic hormone

Front 20

prolactin (PRL)

Back 20

stimulates milk production and secretion (hypothalmic)

Front 21

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 21

stimulates production of ova and sperm (hypothalmic)

Front 22

lutinizing hormone (LH)

Back 22

stimulates ovaries and testes (hypothalmic)

Front 23

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 23

stimulates thyriod gland
-thyroxin in blood
-hypothalmic

Front 24

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 24

stimulates adrenal cortex to secret glucocorticoids
(hypothalmic)

Front 25

T3, T4

Back 25

stimulates and maintains metabolic processes (TSH)

Front 26

calcitonin

Back 26

lowers blood calcium level

Front 27

parathyroid hormone

Back 27

raises blood calcium level

Front 28

insulin

Back 28

lowers blood glucose

Front 29

epindephrine and norepiniphrine

Back 29

raise blood glucose; constrict blood vessles

Front 30

androgens

Back 30

support sperm formation, secondary sex characteristics

Front 31

progesterine

Back 31

promote uterine lining growth

Front 32

anterior pituitary

Back 32

Is a true-endocrine gland

Front 33

The tropic hormones

Back 33

Control release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Front 34

nontropic hormones

Back 34

Prolactin
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
-endorphin

Front 35

endorphins

Back 35

Inhibit the sensation of pain

Front 36

Nonpituitary hormones

Back 36

help regulate metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior

Front 37

thyroid gland

Back 37

Consists of two lobes located on the ventral surface of the trachea
Produces two iodine-containing hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Front 38

Hyperthyroidism

Back 38

excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
Can cause Graves’ disease in humans

Front 39

islets of Langerhans

Back 39

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis and are found in clusters

Front 40

glucagon

Back 40

Is produced by alpha cells

Front 41

insulin

Back 41

Is produced by beta cells

Front 42

Insulin reduces blood glucose levels by

Back 42

Promoting the cellular uptake of glucose
Slowing glycogen breakdown in the liver
Promoting fat storage

Front 43

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by

Back 43

Stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
Stimulating the breakdown of fat and protein into glucose

Front 44

Diabetes mellitus (endocrine disorder)

Back 44

Is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues
Is marked by elevated blood glucose levels

Front 45

type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent)

Back 45

Is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas

Front 46

type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent)

Back 46

Is characterized either by a deficiency of insulin or, more commonly, by reduced responsiveness of target cells due to some change in insulin receptors

Front 47

adrenal glands

Back 47

Are adjacent to the kidneys
Are actually made up of two glands: the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex

Front 48

adrenal medulla

Back 48

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormones which are members of a class of compounds called catecholamines
-Are secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system

Front 49

testostorone

Back 49

causes an increase in muscle and bone mass

Front 50

pineal gland

Back 50

located within the brain
Secretes melatonin
-Appear to be related to biological rhythms associated with reproduction

Front 51

brain hormone

Back 51

Is produced by neurosecretory cells
Stimulates the release of ecdysone from the prothoracic glands

Front 52

ecdysone

Back 52

Promotes molting and the development of adult characteristics

Front 53

juvinile hormone

Back 53

Promotes the retention of larval characteristics