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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Diastole
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relaxation period in the heart
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Systole
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period of active contraction
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blood pressure =
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systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
BIG #/ smaller # |
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cardiac output=
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heart rate X stroke volume
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the SA node
(sinoatrial node) controls.. |
has the fastest rhythm
sets the rhythm of the heart |
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pacemaker cells
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have their own intrinsic rhythm
STUDY this more! (depolarization.. etc) |
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P Wave
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depolarization of atria
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QRS Complex
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depolarization of the ventricles
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T wave
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repolarization of ventricles
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stroke volume
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?
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blood pressure=
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cardiac output *total peripheral resistance
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total peripheral resistance
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determined by ateriole diameter
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blood pressure is greatest in the arteries during..
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ventricular systole
(systolic pressure) |
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during diastole is there still pressure?
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yes.
the arteries have saved up, therefore there is some positive flow (diastolic pressure) |
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contraction of skeletal muscle forces blood back toward the heart
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skeletal muscle pump
(aided by series of one-way valves) |
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when we inhale, pressure changes in thoracic cavity and favors blood flow to heart
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respiratory pump
** look for this on youtube |
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ring of smooth muscle that closes an opening into the capillaries
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precapillary sphincters
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if precapillary sphincters are NOT contracted, blood will..
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flow through the capillary beds
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if precapillary sphincters ARE contracted, blood will...
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NOT flow to capillary beds and goes directly to venous side
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large vessel that leads from arteriole side to venule side
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metarteriole (thoroughfare channel)
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an INCREASE in WHAT would lead to an INCREASE in BLOOD PRESSURE?
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heart rate
stroke volume |
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increasing the DIAMETER of arterioles will..
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DECREASE blood pressure
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how do materials cross the capillary
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diffusion
coupled endocytosis/exocytosis difussion through intercellular junctions specific transport proteins |
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pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a difference in the concentrations of solute
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osmotic pressure
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more solutes=
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greater osmotic pressure
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which changes more?
blood pressure or osmotic pressure? |
Blood pressure
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LDL
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BAD cholesterol
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HDL
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GOOD cholesterol
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"hardening of the arteries"
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atherosclerosis
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blood clot in the coronary arteries
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heart attack
(myocardial infarction) |
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blod clot in blood vessels leading to the brain
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stroke
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
prolonged hypertension promotes atherosclerosis |
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pressure is stored in the...
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arterial walls
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pressure in the arterial walls keeps..
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blood flowing!
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the return of blood to the heart is aided by
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skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump |
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how material crosses the capillary wall
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diffusion
endo/exocytosis thru cell-cell junctions transport bulk flow |
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bulk flow is driven by
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blood pressure/osmotic pressure
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If blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure=
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flow out of the capillaries--- to the arterial end
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When Osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure
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flows INTO the capillaries -- to the venous end
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atherosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries
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atherosclerosis can lead to..
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a heart attack
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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hypertension can lead to...
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atherosclerosis
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four integrated processes in respiration...
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1. Ventilation {exchange of air between atmosphere + lungs}
2. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs + blood 3. Transport of oxygen + carbon dioxide in the blood 4. Exchange of gases between blood and cells |
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gases move by..
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diffusion
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Fick's Law of Diffusion.
Draw It |
picture.
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respiratory surfaces tend to be..
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LARGE + THIN to maximize gas exchange
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entire surface of the body is part of the respiratory surface..
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unicellular organisms, sponges, flatworms
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entire skin surface ("skin breathers")
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earth worms, subset of amphibians
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less energy is required to move ______ than _____
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air , water
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gasses must diffusion through______to be able to cross a _____________
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water, membrane
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spiracle
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openings in body surfaces
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surfactant
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reduced the surface tension of water
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the respiratory system has special adaptations. these include...
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surfaces tend to be large
surfaces tend to be thin they do NOT tend to be warmer + moister |
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ventilation
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breathing
(inspiration, expiration) |
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air movement depends upon..
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pressure gradients (high to low)
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boyle's law
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p1v1=p2v2
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positive pressure breathing
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ex. frogs
go over the slide |
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negative pressure breathing
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ex. mammals
study the slides |
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diaphragm contracts
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inhalation
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diaphragm relaxes
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exhalation
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residual volume
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the "old air" that remains in the lungs via the alveoli (which cannot collapse completely with each breath)
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the problem with residual volume
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the old air mixes with the new air (and greater concentration of oxygen) and greatly lowers the concentration of oxygen of the new air
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a skin surface breather must be..
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moist!
{must live in water}? |
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disadvantage to having a trachael system for breathing
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must keep membranes moist!
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site of gas exchange in mammals
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alveoli
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where gas exchange occurs in birds
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parabronchia
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pacemaker cells in the ______ drive the ventilation rhythm
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medulla oblongata
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control center in the ____ makes the breathing rhythm smooth
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pons
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the primary stimulus that controls the rate of breathing is..
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the level of CO2 in the CSF measured by pH sensors in the medulla
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a pH sensor exists in the medulla measuring CO2 in CSF, where else are there sensors?
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carotid body
aortic body |
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increase inventilation occurs when..
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concentration of Oxygen is LOW
a low pH value a high P CO2 |
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understand the difference of the concentrations of gases in dry air versus humid air
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and understand the difference of concentrations of Oxygen + CO2 throughout the circulatory system
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animals transport oxygen to their tissues using..
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respiratory pigments
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the molecule in blood that helps transport oxygen
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hemoglobin
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hemoglobin binds to what more efficiently than it does to oxygen?
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CO {carbon monoxide}
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oxygen binds to what in hemoglobin?
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polypeptides
{4 per unit} |
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understand implications of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
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go over the slide!
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at a resting cell about how many protein binding sites are being used?
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3 of 4
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under what percent oxygen does the curve become very steep and unhealthy to live in
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60%
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under what percent oxygen does the curve become very steep and unhealthy to live in
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60%
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shift to the RIGHT on curve
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increase releases of Oxygen
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shift to the RIGHT on curve
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increase releases of Oxygen
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shift to the LEFT on curve
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decrease release of Oxygen
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shift to the LEFT on curve
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decrease release of Oxygen
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Traits of a living organism
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GRADE MARRC
Growth Responsiveness Absorption Digestion Excretion Movement Assimilation Reproduction Respiration Circulation |
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Bulk feeder
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Us, snakes, most organisms
consumes large amounts at a time |
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suspension feeder
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ex. whales eating microorganisms
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substrate feeder
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nutrients absorbed through skin
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fluid feeder
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consumes only fluid
ex. aphid, hummingbird, mosquito |
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protein deficiency can lead to what disease?
(malnutrition) |
kwashiorkor:
where water floods tissues |
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inadequate calories can lead to what disease?
(undernourished) |
marasmus:
body shuts down less essential pathways to reserve energy to keep individual alive |
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essential fatty acids are important for:
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membrane structure/function; vision, brain function, gene expression, cell signaling
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opportunistic feeder
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main diet is unavailable so you eat something outside of normal diet to survive
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a deficiency in essential fatty acids can lead to
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decreased growth, dry skin, and lesser wound healing
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difference between saturated vs. unsaturated
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find this out!!!
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FAT soluble vitamins {organic}
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K A D E
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hormone that tells you your hungry!
comes from where and what is it called? |
ghrelin! comes from the stomach and produces hunger pains
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thrifty gene hypothesis
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people that survived were the ones who could store more calories and not use them as fat
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inorganic elements required by living organisms
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minerals
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macro-minerals assist in..
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cell signaling
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trtrace minerals assist in being
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co-factors for vitamins
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essential amino acid children need
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histidine
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another sometimes essential amino acid for children
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arginine
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** Remember the new food pyramid **
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*eat a variety of foods
*eat some of each color every day *eat less of some foods, more of others *steps on the side represent importance of exercise |
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organic compounds required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism
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vitamins
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in insects, birds; storage area that is used to help break down plant materials
(mammals have a rudimentary cecum) |
gastric ceca
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contains hard material to help breakdown food mechanically
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gizzard
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specific hungers
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overcoming a deficiency
body innately going to a the source of needed nutrients |
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a storage site in extracellular digestion
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crop
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phagocytosis + pinocytosis
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intracellular digestion
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folds to increase surface area in intestine to absorb nutrients
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typhosole
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parietal cells secrete..
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HCl
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mucus cells secrete..
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mucus to protect stomach lining
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chief cells secrete...
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pepsinogen
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gastric ulcers occur when...
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protective mucus layer is destroyed allowing gastric juice to attack the stomach
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contributing agents to ulcers..
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anti-inflammatory meds (asprin + ibuprofen)
stress nicotine caffeine alcohol |
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Positive Feedback of Pepsinogen....
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pepsinogen released by chief cells
pepsinogen activated by HCl, becoming Pepsin Pepsin converts more pepsinogen to pepsin |
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mixture of broken food + stomach acid
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acid chyme
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most common cause of ulcers....
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helicobacter pylori
--eats up mucus in stomach thus leaving exposed areas in such a low pH causing sores |
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where majority of nutrient absorption occurs
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duodenum
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What happens in the jejunum?
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Water absorption and whatever the duodenum missed
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What happens in the Ileum?
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absorbs vit B 12
bile salts whatever the jejunum missed |
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increases surface are to absorb more nutrients
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villi
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more foldings on the epithelial cells
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microvilli
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the colon does what?
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absorbs water!
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diarrhea is caused by?
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not enough water being taken up in the colon
ex. good bacteria have been killed |
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constipation
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too much water being taken up in colon
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stores feces
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rectum
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expels feces
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anus
one voluntary and one involuntary sphincter between rectum + anus |
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storage house for good bacteria and function in immune responses
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appendix
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Carbs start to break down where?
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mouth.. and all the way to the end
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Protein start to break down where?
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stomach! and all the way to the end
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Nucleic acids start to break down where?
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small intestine all the way to the end
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Where is fat broken down?
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only in the sm intestine
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chylomicrons leave the cell by exocytosis and enter the lymphatic system by
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lacteals
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chylomicrons (once what was fat) entered the lymphatic system by lacteals and then goes..?
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either to the muscles for energy or stored in adipose cells
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secretes bile salts that emulsify fat
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liver
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secretes bicarbonate buffer, hydrolytic enzymes
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pancreas
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releases bile that was received from liver
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gall bladder
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4 chambered stomach of cow:
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rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum
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where initial bolus of food is stored and initial breakdown begins (in cows)
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rumen
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here and in the rumen prokayotes & protists begin the process of breaking down the cellulose and release fatty acids as a by product (cow stomach)
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reticulum
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after regurgitating & rechewing the cud, it is reswallowed and moves here; much of the water is removed
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omasum
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the cud, loaded with microorganisms, passes to the______ for final digestion by the cow's enzymes
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abomasum
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3 things in common with open & closed circulatory systems
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1. pump-- creates pressure
2. circulatory fluid 3. vessels |
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baths the tissues
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hemolymph
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one way valves
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ostia
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老师 [ lǎoshī ]
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1.[명사] 선생님. 스승.
2.[명사] 기예나 기능을 가진 사람에 대한 존칭. |
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valves fail to open fully
(think stiff) |
stenosis
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regurgitation
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valves in the heart are leaky
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one cardiac cycle takes about how long?
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.8 seconds
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cardiac output=
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heart rate * stroke volume
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sets heartbeat
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SA (sinoatrial) node
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depolarization=
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activation!
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Repolarization=
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relaxing
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blood pressure
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cardiac output * total peripheral resistance
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how tough it is for blood to flow through
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total peripheral resistance
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diagnostic tool for blood pressure
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sphygmomanometry
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precapillary sphincters are on..
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arteriole side!
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Fick's Law of Diffusion:
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just think
CAT divided by (square root) of M*D |
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oxygen and carbon dioxide must first..
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be dissolved in water to be utilized!
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When Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right this means:
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more oxygen is release per polypeptide (less oxygen binding in the hemoglobin)
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What will cause the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift right?
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*increased temperature
*decrease in pH (more acidic) *increased P(CO2) *when we exercise |
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3 things that act as a stimulant to breathe!
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high acidity
high CO2 concentration low O2 concentration |
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What will cause the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift left?
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*temperature decrease
*higher pH (more basic) |
