Bio 152 Exam Iii

Front 1

osmoconformer

Back 1

concentration of water and dissolved particles is same as environment (ex: sea creatures)

Front 2

osmoregulator

Back 2

outside environment is different from inside
-hypoosmotic
-hyperosmotic

Front 3

hypoosmotic

Back 3

more concentrated solution in environment outside body that in (ex: ocean water- high salt concentration)

Front 4

hyperosmotic

Back 4

more concentrated solution inside body than in outside environment (ex: pond fish)

Front 5

stenohaline

Back 5

organism (mainly fish) that cannot handle a wide fluctuation of salt content in water

Front 6

euryhaline

Back 6

organisms that can adapt to a range of salt contents

Front 7

anhydrobiosis

Back 7

extreme dehydration (ex: tardigrade)

Front 8

tidal volume

Back 8

normal amount of air used during breathing

Front 9

vital capacity

Back 9

maximum volume of air a person can inhale

Front 10

residual volume

Back 10

air left over in lungs

Front 11

b-lymphocytes

Back 11

produce antibodies against antigens

Front 12

memory cells

Back 12

attack disease if it invades body a second time after the body has recovered

Front 13

helper t-cells

Back 13

master switch of immune system, secrete cytokines and promote activation of other lymphocytes

Front 14

killer t-cells

Back 14

kills specifically affected cells

Front 15

basic food process

Back 15

1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. elimination

Front 16

bolus

Back 16

ball of food

Front 17

epithelial tissue

Back 17

lining of stomach, cells produce HCL and pepsinogen (which produces more pepsinogen and pepsin)

Front 18

anatomy

Back 18

study of the structure of an organism

Front 19

physiology

Back 19

study of the functions an organism performs

Front 20

convergence

Back 20

since all organisms have similar challenges they often have similar solutions thorough evolution (homology and analogy)

Front 21

adipose

Back 21

fat, specialized cells that store extra energy

Front 22

skeletal muscles

Back 22

organisms have conscious control over them, powerful (ex: biceps)

Front 23

smooth muscles

Back 23

hard to identify fibers, in internal organs- allows them to contract/ sustain contractions (ex: esophagus, lungs, etc.)

Front 24

cardiac muscles

Back 24

in heart, rhythmic contractions

Front 25

blastula

Back 25

gastrula with ectoderm, endoderm, and misoderm

Front 26

protostolm

Back 26

mouth forms first

Front 27

duterostolms

Back 27

anus forms first

Front 28

fission

Back 28

asexual reproduction, divides into 2

Front 29

budding

Back 29

asexual reproduction, breaks off part

Front 30

fragmentation

Back 30

asexual reproduction, grows from fragment

Front 31

parthenogenesis

Back 31

asexual reproduction, unfertilized egg develops, may require pseudocopulation

Front 32

hermaphroditism

Back 32

organism has both male and female parts

Front 33

parental care

Back 33

fewer offspring, larger energy investment

Front 34

male genitalia

Back 34

testes (produce sperm), seminal vesicles (nutrients), prostate gland (alkaline= in semen), bulbourethral glands (neutralizes urine)

Front 35

female genitalia

Back 35

ovaries (produce eggs), oviduct (carry eggs/embryos), uterus (implantation of embryos), endometrium (uterine wall), cervix (canal for intercourse)

Front 36

reproductive hormones

Back 36

GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone (uterine and ovarian cycles), testosterone,

Front 37

cortical granules

Back 37

released by egg when sperm breaks membrane

Front 38

corpus luteum

Back 38

mature egg cell

Front 39

tropomyosin

Back 39

covers up binding sites for actin

Front 40

troponin

Back 40

moves tropomyosin off of binding sites, triggered by Ca

contract= add Ca
relax= subtract Ca

Front 41

sensors (5)

Back 41

1. mechanoreceptors (pressure, touch, stretch, motion, sound)
2. chemoreceptors (taste, smell, internal chemical environment)
3. electromagnetic receptors (photoreceptors, electroreceptors, magnetic fields)
4. thermoreceptors (heat or cold)
5. pain receptors (excess heat, pressure, chemicals)

Front 42

hydrostatic skeleton

Back 42

contracts (forces fluid out) and relaxes (allows fluid in) in order to move
(ex: segmented worm)

Front 43

exoskeleton

Back 43

need to shed (ex: anthropods and mollusks)

Front 44

EPSP

Back 44

in action potential, depolarization

Front 45

IPSP

Back 45

in action potential, hyperpolarization

Front 46

acetylcholine

Back 46

causes EPSP and IPSP in CNS, muscles

Front 47

biogenic amines

Back 47

affect sleeping, mood, excitement (ex: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

Front 48

brainstem

Back 48

medulla oblongata (controls breathing, heart, digestion), pons (breathing), midbrain (receives and integrates sensory info to send to forebrain)

Front 49

cerebellum

Back 49

coordination, motor skills

Front 50

diencephalon

Back 50

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Front 51

cerebrum

Back 51

2 hemispheres, corpus callosum

Front 52

peripheral nervous system

Back 52

part of nervous system enclosed in bone, does not include brain or spine
-somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Front 53

somatic nervous system

Back 53

part of peripheral nervous system, conscious control (ex: movement of muscles)

Front 54

autonomic nervous system

Back 54

part of peripheral nervous system, controls internal organs, fight or flight response
-sympathetic division (flight or fight response, increase breathing, heart rate, etc)
-parasympathetic division ("rest and digest", opposite of sympathetic division)

Front 55

astrocytes

Back 55

structural support in nerves, forms blood-brain barrier

Front 56

radial glia

Back 56

forms track for other nerve cells

Front 57

schwann cells

Back 57

peripheral nervous system, form myelin sheath

Front 58

oligodendrocytes cells

Back 58

central nervous system, forms myelin sheath

Front 59

hyperpolarization

Back 59

action potential, opening of K+ channels

Front 60

depolarization

Back 60

action potential, opening of Na+ channels

Front 61

nodes of ranier

Back 61

in between myelin sheath, depolarization region

Front 62

temporal summation in nervous system

Back 62

message sent close in time

Front 63

spatial summation in nervous system

Back 63

message sent close in spatial proximity

Front 64

epinephrine

Back 64

fight or flight response
-alpha receptor= blood vessel constricts
-beta receptor= blood vessel dilates

Front 65

tropic hormones

Back 65

produce other hormones

Front 66

posterior pituitary

Back 66

extension of nerve tissue, produces ADH and oxtocin (contractions during childbirth, lactation)

Front 67

anterior pituitary

Back 67

not nerve tissue, stimulated by messages from hypothalamus, filled with capillaries, produce most hormones

Front 68

PTH

Back 68

hormone, antagonist with calcitonin, releases Ca form bones and activates vitamin D, parathyroid hormones

Front 69

pancreatic hormones

Back 69

insulin (reduces blood sugar) and glucagon (increases blood sugar)

Front 70

melatonin

Back 70

hormone, regulates daily rhythms (ex: sleep)

Front 71

hormones

Back 71

messenger that send messages to distant tissues through blood stream (vs. exocrine glands which release hormones into ducts instead of blood stream)

Front 72

ecdysone

Back 72

hormone, causes caterpillars to molt (stripper)

Front 73

juvenile hormone

Back 73

causes insects to remain juvenile

Front 74

ADH

Back 74

anti diheretic hormone, triggers collecting ducts (in kidneys) to change permeability, more permeable to water so less water is in urine

Front 75

renal pelvis

Back 75

where urine eventually collects

Front 76

urethra

Back 76

connecting tube from kidney to abdomen then to urinary bladder and out

Front 77

nephron

Back 77

structure doing excretion in kidneys, closed at one end and open at other to let out urine

Front 78

glomerus

Back 78

ball of capillaries in nephrons, where filtration takes place, surround by bowman's capsule

Front 79

loop of Henle

Back 79

tube surrounded by capillaries, short in cortical nephron, long in juxtamedullary

Front 80

collecting duct

Back 80

collects urine

Front 81

flame bulbs

Back 81

where waste gathers in flatworms before excretion

Front 82

hindgut

Back 82

where reabsorption occurs in insects with open circulation after being pumped through tubes (osmoregulation)

Front 83

transport epithelium

Back 83

salt excretion in sea birds, drink salt water and have special gland in base of skull that works like gills to secrete calt or nitrogenous wastes

Front 84

ammonia

Back 84

fish waste

Front 85

urea

Back 85

mammal waste

Front 86

uric acid

Back 86

reptile, bird, insect, snail waste
advantages: don't loses as much water, can be held for long periods of time (eggs)

Front 87

kidney process (4 steps)

Back 87

1. filtration
2. reabsorption
3. secretion
4. excretion