Bio 1510: Lecture Exam 2: Quiz 2

Front 1

Open Circulatory System

Back 1

no distinction between blood and extracellular fluid

Molluscs, arthropods

Front 2

Closed Circulatory System

Back 2

blood always enclosed in vessels that transport to and from the heart

Annelids; all vertebrates

Front 3

3 Types of Vessels

Back 3

Arteries: away from heart
Veins: toward heart
Capillaries: thinnest & most numerous

Front 4

Functions of the Vertebrate Circulatory System

Back 4

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

Front 5

Transportation

Back 5

Respiratory: erythrocytes carry oxygen from lungs to tissues, and CO2 from tissues to lungs

Nutritive: molecules absorbed by the digestive system are transported to the liver then the rest of the body

Excretory: metabolic wastes are filtered in the kidneys and excreted in urine

Front 6

Regulation

Back 6

Hormone transport: from endocrine glands to tissues

Temperature regulation: endotherms maintain constant body temp. using blood vessels just under the epidermis

Front 7

Protection

Back 7

Blood Clotting: prevent blood loss when vessels are damaged

Immune Defenses: leukocytes provide immunity against many pathogens

Front 8

Erythrocyte

Back 8

O2 and CO2 transport

Front 9

Neutrophil

Back 9

Immune Defenses

Front 10

Eosinophil

Back 10

Defence against parasites

Front 11

Basophil

Back 11

Inflammatory response

Front 12

Monocyte

Back 12

Immune surveillance
- precursor of tissue macrophage

Front 13

B lymphocyte

Back 13

Antibody production
- precursor of plasma cells

Front 14

T lymphocyte

Back 14

Cellular immune response

Front 15

Platelets

Back 15

Blood clotting

Front 16

Blood Cells

Back 16

include erythrocytes & leukocytes

Front 17

Plasma

Back 17

Plasma is the matrix in which blood cells are suspended

Plasma contains:
Metabolites
Wastes
Hormones
Ions
Proteins

Front 18

Precapillary sphincters

Back 18

Body can CONTROL the amount of blood in each tissue

Use of precapillary sphincters

Front 19

Lymphatic System

Back 19

An open vascular system that reclaims water & solutes that have entered interstitial regions from the bloodstream
Fluid = lymph
Includes lymph nodes, the spleen, & the thymus
Sites of leukocyte production that “filter” the lymph

Front 20

Fish Heart

Back 20

modified tube; 4 consecutive chambers

Front 21

Amphibians and reptiles Heart

Back 21

both pulmonary & systemic systems

3 chambers: 2 atria & 1 ventricle

Some mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

Front 22

Mammals & birds Heart

Back 22

four-chambered heart
No mixing - very efficient

Front 23

Respiration

Back 23

Involves diffusion of gases across plasma membranes

Front 24

Diffusion

Back 24

movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low conc.

Rate of diffusion depends on: surface area, concentration; & distance

Front 25

Fish Respiration

Back 25

Gills: greatly increased surface area for gas exchange
Air contains about 200 mL O2 / L
Water contains about 10 mL O2 / L
Water flows into mouth, then out gills
In bony fishes, blood flows in opposite direction of water to maximize exchange efficiency

Front 26

Lungs vs. Gills

Back 26

Gills do not work on land because:
Air is less buoyant than water

Water keeps gills “open”, but gills collapse in air (no structural support)

Water diffuses into air through evaporation

Too much water would be lost through the large surface area of the gills

Front 27

Breathing

Back 27

Amphibians: force air into “lungs” by gulping air, closing mouth, & raising floor of oral cavity
Most gas exchange is actually through skin
Reptiles, birds, mammals: controlled by muscular contraction of thoracic cavity
As cavity volume increases, air pressure decreases, which forces air in
Volume decreases, pressure increases, forcing air out

Front 28

Hemoglobin

Back 28

Protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains & 4 heme groups

1 Heme group contains one central atom of Iron, which can bind to O2

Found in erythrocytes of vertebrates; plasma & blood cells of invertebrates

Also binds CO2, but not at heme sites

About 20% of blood oxygen is unloaded in tissues

Other 80% is held as a reserve

Affinity for oxygen is lowered in environments with low pH or high temperatures

Front 29

Homeostasis

Back 29

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an organism
Usually involves some form of feedback

Front 30

Negative feedback loops

Back 30

an activity is negatively influenced by an effect it produces

Ex: Body temperature; blood glucose

Front 31

Positive feedback loop

Back 31

an activity is positively influenced by an effect it produces
Ex: Uterine contractions

Front 32

Osmoregulation

Back 32

body fluids have different osmolality than environment
Maintaining homeostasis requires continuous regulation

Front 33

Osmolality

Back 33

moles of solute per kg water
Concentration

Front 34

Osmoconformers

Back 34

osmolality of body fluids is equal to osmolality of environment
Ex: marine invertebrates