Study your flashcards anywhere!
Download the official Cram app for free >
- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Read
Toggle OnToggle Off
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
A key: Read text to speech.a key
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Open Circulatory System
|
no distinction between blood and extracellular fluid
Molluscs, arthropods |
|
Closed Circulatory System
|
blood always enclosed in vessels that transport to and from the heart
Annelids; all vertebrates |
|
3 Types of Vessels
|
Arteries: away from heart
Veins: toward heart Capillaries: thinnest & most numerous |
|
Functions of the Vertebrate Circulatory System
|
Transportation
Regulation Protection |
|
Transportation
|
Respiratory: erythrocytes carry oxygen from lungs to tissues, and CO2 from tissues to lungs
Nutritive: molecules absorbed by the digestive system are transported to the liver then the rest of the body Excretory: metabolic wastes are filtered in the kidneys and excreted in urine |
|
Regulation
|
Hormone transport: from endocrine glands to tissues
Temperature regulation: endotherms maintain constant body temp. using blood vessels just under the epidermis |
|
Protection
|
Blood Clotting: prevent blood loss when vessels are damaged
Immune Defenses: leukocytes provide immunity against many pathogens |
|
Erythrocyte
|
O2 and CO2 transport
|
|
Neutrophil
|
Immune Defenses
|
|
Eosinophil
|
Defence against parasites
|
|
Basophil
|
Inflammatory response
|
|
Monocyte
|
Immune surveillance
- precursor of tissue macrophage |
|
B lymphocyte
|
Antibody production
- precursor of plasma cells |
|
T lymphocyte
|
Cellular immune response
|
|
Platelets
|
Blood clotting
|
|
Blood Cells
|
include erythrocytes & leukocytes
|
|
Plasma
|
Plasma is the matrix in which blood cells are suspended
Plasma contains: Metabolites Wastes Hormones Ions Proteins |
|
Precapillary sphincters
|
Body can CONTROL the amount of blood in each tissue
Use of precapillary sphincters |
|
Lymphatic System
|
An open vascular system that reclaims water & solutes that have entered interstitial regions from the bloodstream
Fluid = lymph Includes lymph nodes, the spleen, & the thymus Sites of leukocyte production that “filter” the lymph |
|
Fish Heart
|
modified tube; 4 consecutive chambers
|
|
Amphibians and reptiles Heart
|
both pulmonary & systemic systems
3 chambers: 2 atria & 1 ventricle Some mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood |
|
Mammals & birds Heart
|
four-chambered heart
No mixing - very efficient |
|
Respiration
|
Involves diffusion of gases across plasma membranes
|
|
Diffusion
|
movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low conc.
Rate of diffusion depends on: surface area, concentration; & distance |
|
Fish Respiration
|
Gills: greatly increased surface area for gas exchange
Air contains about 200 mL O2 / L Water contains about 10 mL O2 / L Water flows into mouth, then out gills In bony fishes, blood flows in opposite direction of water to maximize exchange efficiency |
|
Lungs vs. Gills
|
Gills do not work on land because:
Air is less buoyant than water Water keeps gills “open”, but gills collapse in air (no structural support) Water diffuses into air through evaporation Too much water would be lost through the large surface area of the gills |
|
Breathing
|
Amphibians: force air into “lungs” by gulping air, closing mouth, & raising floor of oral cavity
Most gas exchange is actually through skin Reptiles, birds, mammals: controlled by muscular contraction of thoracic cavity As cavity volume increases, air pressure decreases, which forces air in Volume decreases, pressure increases, forcing air out |
|
Hemoglobin
|
Protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains & 4 heme groups
1 Heme group contains one central atom of Iron, which can bind to O2 Found in erythrocytes of vertebrates; plasma & blood cells of invertebrates Also binds CO2, but not at heme sites About 20% of blood oxygen is unloaded in tissues Other 80% is held as a reserve Affinity for oxygen is lowered in environments with low pH or high temperatures |
|
Homeostasis
|
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in an organism
Usually involves some form of feedback |
|
Negative feedback loops
|
an activity is negatively influenced by an effect it produces
Ex: Body temperature; blood glucose |
|
Positive feedback loop
|
an activity is positively influenced by an effect it produces
Ex: Uterine contractions |
|
Osmoregulation
|
body fluids have different osmolality than environment
Maintaining homeostasis requires continuous regulation |
|
Osmolality
|
moles of solute per kg water
Concentration |
|
Osmoconformers
|
osmolality of body fluids is equal to osmolality of environment
Ex: marine invertebrates |