Bio 151 Vocab Ch. 30

Front 1

Plants

Back 1

Eukaryotic, primarily photosynthetic organisms that mostly live on land and display many adaptations to life in terrestrial habitats.

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Charophyceans

Back 2

The lineage of freshwater green algae that is most closely related to the land plants.

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Clade (monophyletic group)

Back 3

A group of species, a taxon, consisting of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.

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Sporic Life Cycle (aka alternation of generations)

Back 4

The phenomenon that occurs in plants in which the life cycle alternates between multicellular diploid organisms, called sporophytes, and multicellular haploid organisms called gametophytes.

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Sporophyte

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generation produces haploid spores by the process of meiosis and multicellular plant sporophytes can produce many spores.

Front 6

Spores

Back 6

Single-celled reproductive structures that are disprersed into the air and are able to grow into gametophytes if they find suitable habitats.

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Gametophytes

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Generation produces gametes.

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Gametes

Back 8

nonflagellate eggs and smaller flagellate sperm that may fuse in pairs to form single-cells, diploid zygotes.

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Zygote

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A diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes that divides and develops into an embryo, and eventually into an adult organism.

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Gametangia

Back 10

"Gamete containers" in which developing gametes are protected by a jacket of tissue.

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Antheridia

Back 11

round or elongated gametangia that produce sperm

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Archegonia

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Flask-shaped gametangia that enclose an egg cell.

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Embryo

Back 13

The early stages of development in a multicellular organism during which the organization of organism is largely formed.

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Embryophytes

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A synonym for land plants.

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Sporangia

Back 15

"Spore containers"

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Sporopollenin

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A material contained in the cells walls of plant spores that helps to prevent cellular damage during transport in air.

Front 17

Vascular tissues

Back 17

Plant tissues that provide both structural support and conduction of water, minerals, and organic compounds.

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Nonvascular plants

Back 18

A plant that does not produce lignified vascular tissue, such as a modern bryophyte or extinct pretacheophyte polysporangiophytes.

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Vascular plants

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A plant that can transport water, sugar, and salt throughout the plant body via xylem and phloem tissues.

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Tracheophytes

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A term used to describe vascular plants.

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Tracheids

Back 21

A type of specialized vascular cell that conducts water and minerals and provides structural support.

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Stems

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Branching structures that contain vascular tissue and also produce leaves and reproductive structures. At the center they contain Phloem and xylem.

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Phloem

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Specialized conducting tissue at the center of a plants stem.

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Xylem

Back 24

A plant cascular tissue that conducts water, minerals, and organic compounds.

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Lignin

Back 25

Compression and decay-resistant waterproofing material that occurs in the cell walls of tracheids and some other types of plant cells

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Roots

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Organs specialized for uptake of water and minerals from the soil.

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Leaves

Back 27

Organs that generally have a photosynthetic funciton.

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Waxy cuticle

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A protective layer present on most surfaces of vascular plant sporophytes

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Cutin

Back 29

A polyester polymer contained in the plant cuticle which helps to prevent attack by pathogens.

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Stomata

Back 30

Pores that are able to open and close. Located on the surface tissue of vascular plants.

Front 31

Gymnosperms

Back 31

Phyla containing: Cycads, ginkgos, conifers, and gnetophytes. Reproduce using both spores and seeds, as do the flowering plants or angiosperms.

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Seed plants

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Include gymnosperms and angiosperms.

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Seeds

Back 33

Complex structures having specialized tissues that protectively enclose embryos, that is, the young sporophytes.

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Spermatophytes

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All of the living and fossil seed plant phyla.

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Lignophytes

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Modern and fossil seed plants.

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Angiosperms

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Distinguished by the presence of flowers, fruits, and specialized seed tissue known as endosperm. Fruits, flowers and endosperm are all defining features.

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Flowers

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Short stems bearing organs that are specialized in ways that enhance seed production.

Front 38

Fruits

Back 38

Structures that develop from flower organs, enclose seds, and foster seed dispersal in the environment.

Front 39

Endosperm

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A nutritive seed tissue that increases the efficiency by which food is stored in the seeds of flowering plants.

Front 40

Phragmoplast

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A plant organelle involved in the construction of cell plate that produces an intervening cell wall between two dividing plant cells.

Front 41

Plasmodesmata

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A membrane-lined, ER-containing channel that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

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K/T event

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Marks the end of the Cretaceous periods and the beginning of the Tertiary period

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Critical Innovations

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New features that foster the diversification of phyla.

Front 44

Placenta Transfer Tissues

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aid in the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo.

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Lycophylls

Back 45

Tiny leaves that typically have only a single unbranched vein. Thought to have evolved from sporangia.

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Euphylls

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"True leaves" Leaves with branched veins.

Front 47

Euphyllophytes

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The clade that includes pteridophytes and seed plants.

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Ovule

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A sporangium that contained only a single spore that developed into a very small egg-producing gametophyte.

Front 49

Pollen

Back 49

Tiny male gametophytes enclosed by sporopollen in spore walls.

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Microspores

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Develop within microsporangia

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Megaspores

Back 51

megasporangia

Front 52

Pollination

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the process by which pollen of the same species reaches ovules.

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Seed Coat

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A hard and tough protective layer that forms from the ovule's integument and covers the seed embryo.

Front 54

Double fertilization.

Back 54

a process that produces both a zygote and an endosperm.

Front 55

Heterosport

Back 55

'Different Spores'

Front 56

Endosporic gametophytes

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Gametophytes that grow within the confines of microspores and megaspore walls.