Bio 122 Lecture Test 2

Front 1

phyllotaxy

Back 1

the arrangement of leaves on a stem

Front 2

leaf area index

Back 2

the ratio of total upper leaf surface of a plant divided by the surface area of land on which it grows

Front 3

self-pruning

Back 3

the shedding of lower shaded leaves when they respire more than photosynthesize

Front 4

circadian rhythm

Back 4

24 hour internal clocks of eukaryotic organisms

Front 5

topsoil

Back 5

consists of mineral particles, living organisms and humus

Front 6

humus

Back 6

the decaying organic material

Front 7

soil horizons

Back 7

stratified layers of soil

Front 8

sustainable agriculture

Back 8

is to use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe and profitable.

Front 9

fertilization

Back 9

replaces mineral nutrients that have been lost from the soil

Front 10

macronutrients

Back 10

9 essential elements that plants require in large amounts: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

Front 11

micronutrients

Back 11

8 nutrients that plants need in small amounts: chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum

Front 12

4 main groups of angiosperms

Back 12

monocots, eudicot, basal angiosperm, magnoliids

Front 13

monocot examples

Back 13

orchids, pygmy date palm, lily

Front 14

eudicot examples

Back 14

california poppy, dog rose, snow pea, pyrenean oak, zucchini

Front 15

basal angiosperm examples

Back 15

water lily, star anise, amborella trichopoda

Front 16

magnoliids

Back 16

magnolias, laurels, black pepper plants

Front 17

Double fertilization

Back 17

occurs when the pollen tube discharges 2 sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule

Front 18

cross pollination

Back 18

pollen from one source goes to another source

Front 19

cotyledons

Back 19

2 seed leaves

Front 20

phylum for angiosperms

Back 20

anthophyta

Front 21

fruit

Back 21

consists of a mature ovary but can also include flower parts. Protects seeds and aid in their dispersal

Front 22

flowers

Back 22

specialized for sexal reproduction.

Front 23

2 key adaptations for angiosperms

Back 23

fruits and flowers

Front 24

evergreens

Back 24

plants that carry out photosynthesis all year round

Front 25

4 phylum of gymnosperms

Back 25

cycodophyta
gingkophyta
gnetophyta
coniferophyta

Front 26

conifers

Back 26

cone-bearing gymnosperms. dominant in northern latitudes

Front 27

Progymnosperms

Back 27

plants that began to acquire adaptations that characterize seed plants by the late Devonian period

Front 28

advantages of seeds over spores

Back 28

They can remain dormant for days or years until conditions are favorable for germination
Seeds have a supply of food
They can be transported long distances

Front 29

Pollination

Back 29

transfer of pollen to ovules

Front 30

ovule

Back 30

consists of a megasporangium, megaspore and one or more protective integuments

Front 31

megasporangia

Back 31

produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes

Front 32

microsporangia

Back 32

produce microscopes that give rise to male gametophytes

Front 33

microphylls

Back 33

leaves with a single vein

Front 34

megaphylls

Back 34

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

Front 35

leaves

Back 35

organs that increase surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy that is used for photosynthesis.

Front 36

roots

Back 36

organs that anchor vascular plants and enable water and nutrients to be absorbed from the soil

Front 37

phloem

Back 37

vascular tissue. Consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

Front 38

xlyem

Back 38

vascular tissue. Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids

Front 39

peat

Back 39

used as a foil source

Front 40

stomata

Back 40

where gas exchange takes place

Front 41

seed plants

Back 41

gymnosperms
angiosperms

Front 42

angiosperms

Back 42

the flowering plants

Front 43

gymnosperms

Back 43

conifers, "naked" seed plants

Front 44

seedless vascular plants

Back 44

lycophytes and pterophytes

Front 45

nonvascular plants

Back 45

known as bryophytes and examples are liverworts, hornworts and mosses

Front 46

vascular tissue

Back 46

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients through the plant body.