Bio 122 Lab Prokaryotes And Protists

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taxonomy

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the science of classifying organisms

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taxonomic categories

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domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

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scientific name

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both genus and species. in latin. italicized. genus is capatilized.

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which domains are the prokaryotes in?

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Archaea and Bacteria

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Domain Bacteria

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most are unicellular. some are colonial.

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colonial

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composed of a group of independently functioning cells

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all bacteria cells are.....

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prokaryotic and lack a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. a somewhat rigid cell wall is formed exterior to the plasma membrane.

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three shapes of bacteria.

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bacillus (rodlike)
coccus (spheres)
spirillum (spiral)

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bacterial flagella

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allow movement.

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heterotrophs

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the obtain their organic nutrients from the environement (most bacteria have this characteristic)

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saprotrophs

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what most heterotrophs are.
obtain nutrients by decaying organic matter an dead organisms.
converts organic debris into inorganic chemicals usable by plants

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parasites

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cause disease in other organisms as they obtain organic nutrients from their host's cells and tissues.

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autotrophs (bacteria)

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produces their own organic nutrients.

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chemosynthetic bacteria

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bacteria able to oxidize inorganic chemicals and capture the released energy to synthesize their organic nutrients.

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photosynthetic bacteria

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bacteria that uses light energy to synthesize their organic nutrients.

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cyanobacteria

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photosynthetic bacteria. lack chloroplasts but have chlorophyll a on thylakoid membranes.
often have a gelatinous coat external to the cell wall.

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chlorophyll a

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enables cyanobacteria to carry on the same kind of oxygen-producing photosynthesis found in plants.

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how bacteria reproduce

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binary fission

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binary fission

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an asexual form of reproduction.

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endospore

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has a bacterial chromosome and cytoplasm enveloped by a thick endospore wall.

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conjugation

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a sexual process that also occurs in bacteria. the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another.

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when does conjugation occur

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when adjacent cells are joined by a tiny tube formed by their plasma membranes.

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protists

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heterogeneous group of unicellular or colonial organisms that exhibit animal-like, plantlike or funguslike characteristics.

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eukaryotic cells

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contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
what protists have

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protozoans

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unicellular, animal-like protists that lack a cell wall and are usually motile.

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holotrophs (protozoans)

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engulf food into vacuoles, where it's digested

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protozoans are in what habitats?

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where water is readily available.

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contractile vacuoles

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repeatedly collect and pump out the excess water to maintain their water balance.

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flagellated protozoans

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possess one or more flagella (means of movement)

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amoeboid protozoans

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these move by pseudopodia. prey organisms are engulfed and digested in food vacuoles. some secrete a shell for protection.

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pseudopodia

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flowing extensions of the cell

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what is the most advanced and complex of the protozoans?

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Ciliated protozoans

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ciliated protozoans are characterized by...

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a macronucleus, one or more micronuclei, and move by means of numerous cilia.

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cilia

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hairlike processes that cover the cell.

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pellicle

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flexible outer covering in a ciliated protozoan and is located exterior to the cell membrane.

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trichosysts

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tiny dartlike weapons of offense and defense located just under the cell surface

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oral groove

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food organisms are swept down it by cilia and into food vacuoles, where digestion occurs

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sporozoans

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lack motility and are internal parasites of animals.

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algae

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plantlike protists

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euglenoids

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unicellular protists that possess both plantlike and animal-like characteristics. they have chlorophyll a and b in chloroplasts, a flagellum for movement and an eyespot. cell wall absent.

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dinoflagellates

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"fire algae" photosynthetic with chlorophyll a and c in their chloroplasts. most have a cell wall of cellulose and all forms have 2 flagella.

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diatoms

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unicellular and have a cell wall of silica (a natural glass). where much of the atmospheric oxygen is produced.

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cell wall of a diatom

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consists of two halves fir together like the top and bottom of a box. chlorophyll a and c are found in their chloroplasts.

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slimemolds

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feeding stages resemble amoeboid protozoans but reproduce asexually by forming sporangia that produce spores.

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cellular slime molds

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live as a single-celled amoeboid organism that engulf bacteria in leaf litter and soil.

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most common asexual form of reproduction in protists

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mitotic cell division

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paramecium

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a diploid protozoan that reproduces asexually by mitotic division and also goes through conjugation sometimes.