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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Hierarchy (1) |
Sub-atomic |
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Hierarchy (2) |
Atomic |
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Hierarchy (3) |
Molecule |
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Hierarchy (4) |
Organelle |
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Hierarchy (5) |
Cell |
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Hierarchy (6) |
Tissue |
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Hierarchy (7) |
Organ |
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Hierarchy (8) |
Organ System |
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Hierarchy (9) |
Organism |
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Hierarchy (10) |
Population |
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Hierarchy (11) |
Community |
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Hierarchy (12) |
Ecosystem |
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Hierarchy (13) |
Biosphere |
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Darwin's 5 theories |
1-perpetual change 2-common descent 3-multiplication of species 4-gradualism 5-natural selection |
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Perpetual change |
Most basic theory of evolution Fossil Record |
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Multiplication of species |
As time goes on you get more species Results in new adaptions and species |
2 |
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Common descent |
All life came from a common ancestor |
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Allopatric speciation (1) |
Reproductive isolation occurs A population is divided by a barrier |
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Allopatric speciation (2) |
Isolated populations undergo independent evolution |
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Allopatric speciation (3) |
Reproductive isolation reduces breeding (RIMS) |
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Allopatric speciation (4) |
If the populations are brought together, they will not beable to breed |
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species |
reproductively distinct populations of organisms that usually differ from esch other in organismal form |
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Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (RIMS) |
Barriers that prevent two species from producing viable offspring |
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Prezygotic RIMS |
prevent fertilization |
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Prezygotic RIMS (Types) |
Habitat: population found in different places Temporal: populations breed at different times Behavioural: populations have different breeding behaviours Mechanical: populations have incompatible reproductive structures |
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Postzygotic RIMS |
Fertilization occurs but resulting zygotes are NON-viable, weak, orsterile |
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Gradualism |
small continuous changes in phenotypes |
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Natural Selection |
-Primary agent of evolutionary change -A change in the frequency of individual genes in apopulation from generation to generation |
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Natural Selection (Steps) |
1. Genetic variation in a population 2. Every population produces excess offspring 3. Not all individuals survive and reproduce 4. Only most capable survive and reproduce 5. If characteristics of surviving offspring are inherited, the favoredtraits will be more frequent in the next generation. |
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Stabilizing selection |
Favors median values of traits and not extremes |
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Disruptive selection |
Extreme traits are favored and the median is not |
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Directional selection |
Population average shifts towards an extreme trait. |
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Microevolution |
Study of the genetic changes within a population |
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Genetic Equilibrium |
In large pops, gene frequencies are constant between generations |
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Changes In Equilibrium |
1.Genetic Drift 2.Nonrandom Mating 3.Mutation 4.Migration 5.Natural Selection |
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Genetic Drift |
-when a few individuals from a larger population colonize anisolated island -Gene pool of the colonists may not represent the larger population they left |
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Non-random mating |
Mate preferentially |
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Mutation |
-Change in organism’s DNA -A new mutation can change the gene pool of a population -May have neutral, negative, or positive consequences |
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Migration |
Migration/movement of individuals between populations preventsdifferent populations of a species from diverging -A small amount of migration between populations influences gene flow |
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Natural Selection |
Agent of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment |
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Macroevolution |
Describes large-scale events in evolution Speciation and extinction rates vary considerably |
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Mass Extinction |
-Periodic events in earth’s history where large numbers oforganisms became extinct -Create vacant ecological space enabling adaptive radiation |
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Catastrophic species selection |
selective survival among speciesduring a mass extinction |
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Natural selection & catastrophic species selection |
produce macroevolutionary trends observed in fossil record |
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The Cambrian explosion (Date) |
570 Million years ago |
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The Cambrian explosion |
-Amazing preservation of soft-bodiedanimals. The Burgess shale in YohoNational Park, BC is a well knownlocation -All major groups of animals becomeestablished within 10-20 millionyears -Most fertile time in evolutionaryhistory |
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Permian extinction (Date) |
225 Million years ago |
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Permian extinction |
90% of marine invertebrates instinct |
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Cretaceous extinction (Date) |
65 Million years ago |
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Cretaceous extinction |
Dinosaur mass extinction event |
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Major Innovations in Animal Forms |
Multicellularity True tissues Animal symmetry Germ layers Body cavity (coelom) Early embryonic development |
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Animal symmetry |
Asymmetry Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry |
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Germ layers |
Ectoderm Endoderm mesoderm |
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Body cavity (coelom) |
-Fluid-filled cavity between outer body wall and gut -Allows increased body flexibility and locomotion efficiency -Provides space for internal organs |
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Early embryonic development |
Animals differ in their early development stages of zygote |
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Asymmetry |
no symmetry |
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Bilateral Symmetry |
can be divided along a plane into two similar halves |
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Radial Symmetry |
Can be divided along any plane into two similar halves |
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Early embryonic development (steps) |
1.Zygote undergoes cleavage 2.Cleavage leads to formation of blastula 3.Germ layers form the tissues and organs |
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ectoderm |
covers surface of embryo; outer covering of the animal |
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endoderm |
innermost layer – lining of the digestive tract andorgans derived from it |
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Mesoderm |
Forms the muscles and most other organs – between digestivetube and outer covering of animal |
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Diploblastic |
2 germ layers cnidarians |
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triplosblastic |
3 germ layers bilateral animals |
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Acoelomate |
– no true coelom – mesoderm filled with spongy cells – flat worms |
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Pseudocoelomate |
– Body cavity surrounding the gut –Not completely lined by mesoderm –roundworms |
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Eucoelomate |
– True coelom – Completely lined by mesoderm – Inner and outer layers of tissues connected to form mesenteries -Suspend the internal organs -segmented worms |
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Protostome (steps) |
1.Blastopore becomes mouth, anus forms secondarily 2.Spiral cleavage 3.Coelom forms by splitting (schizocoelous) 4.Mosaic embryo |
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Deuterostome (steps) |
1.Blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms secondarily 2. Radial cleavage 3.Coelom forms by out-pocketing (enterocoelous) 4.Regulative embryo |
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Kingdoms of Life |
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia |
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Monera |
– Bacteria – Unicellular – Prokaryotic |
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Protista |
– Protozoa, algae – Unicellular – Eukaryotic |
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Fungi |
– Molds, yeast – Usually multi-cellular – Eukaryotic – Food absorbed |
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Plantae |
–Plants -Multicellular -Eukaryotic -Autotrophic |
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Animalia |
-Animals -Multicellular -Eukaryotic -Heterotrophic |
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Taxonomic System |
-Kingdom -Phylum -Class -Order -Family -Genus -Species |
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Metazoans |
-Multicellular organisms -Specialized cell functions |
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Protozoans |
• Single eukaryotic cell • Specialized organelles that mayperform locomotory, sensory,excretory, or feeding functions • No organs or tissues! • Autotrophic & Heterotrophic |
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Protist Origins |
• First evidence of life on earth • First cells were prokaryotic • Unicellular eukaryotes arose • Kingdom Protista is taxonomically complicated • Eukaryotic protists arose via endosymbiosis |
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Dinoflagellates (kingdom/phylum/class) |
Protista Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellates |
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Dinoflagellates cause |
red bloom |
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Trypanosoma (K,P,C) |
Protista Euglenozoa Trypanasoma |
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Trypanosoma causes |
African sleeping sickness |
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Giardia (K,P,C) |
Protista Retortomonada Giardia |
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Giardia is an |
intestinal parasite of humans |
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Phylum Ciliophora |
-Large, morphologically diverse group -Most are free-living -Cytostome (mouth) modifications -Have cilia |
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Phylum Apicomplexa |
-Intracellular parasites of many animals -Sexual & asexual reproduction -Diagnostic feature is the apical complex |
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Plasmodium causes |
Malaria |
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Phylum Porifera |
-Sponges -First multicellular body plan |
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Sponge Characteristics |
-Simplest multicellular animals -huge variation in growth form -Sessile filter feeders, use water canal systems -asymmetrical |
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Choanocytes |
Flagellated cells that line the water canals |
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Amoebocytes |
-Amoeboid cells that move in the mesohyl -Phagocytize particles from choanocytes -Secrete spicules |
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Spicules |
Provide skeletal support |
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