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93 Cards in this Set

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Hierarchy (1)

Sub-atomic

Hierarchy (2)

Atomic

Hierarchy (3)

Molecule

Hierarchy (4)

Organelle

Hierarchy (5)

Cell

Hierarchy (6)

Tissue

Hierarchy (7)

Organ

Hierarchy (8)

Organ System

Hierarchy (9)

Organism

Hierarchy (10)

Population

Hierarchy (11)

Community

Hierarchy (12)

Ecosystem

Hierarchy (13)

Biosphere

Darwin's 5 theories

1-perpetual change


2-common descent


3-multiplication of species


4-gradualism


5-natural selection

Perpetual change

Most basic theory of evolution


Fossil Record

Multiplication of species

As time goes on you get more species


Results in new adaptions and species

2

Common descent

All life came from a common ancestor

Allopatric speciation (1)

Reproductive isolation occurs


A population is divided by a barrier

Allopatric speciation (2)

Isolated populations undergo independent evolution

Allopatric speciation (3)

Reproductive isolation reduces breeding (RIMS)

Allopatric speciation (4)

If the populations are brought together, they will not beable to breed

species

reproductively distinct populations of organisms that usually differ from esch other in organismal form

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (RIMS)

Barriers that prevent two species from producing viable offspring

Prezygotic RIMS

prevent fertilization

Prezygotic RIMS (Types)

Habitat: population found in different places


Temporal: populations breed at different times


Behavioural: populations have different breeding behaviours


Mechanical: populations have incompatible reproductive structures

4

Postzygotic RIMS

Fertilization occurs but resulting zygotes are NON-viable, weak, orsterile

Gradualism

small continuous changes in phenotypes

Natural Selection

-Primary agent of evolutionary change


-A change in the frequency of individual genes in apopulation from generation to generation

2

Natural Selection (Steps)

1. Genetic variation in a population


2. Every population produces excess offspring


3. Not all individuals survive and reproduce


4. Only most capable survive and reproduce


5. If characteristics of surviving offspring are inherited, the favoredtraits will be more frequent in the next generation.

5

Stabilizing selection

Favors median values of traits and not extremes

Disruptive selection

Extreme traits are favored and the median is not

Directional selection

Population average shifts towards an extreme trait.

Microevolution

Study of the genetic changes within a population

Genetic Equilibrium

In large pops, gene frequencies are constant between generations

Changes In Equilibrium

1.Genetic Drift


2.Nonrandom Mating


3.Mutation


4.Migration


5.Natural Selection

5

Genetic Drift

-when a few individuals from a larger population colonize anisolated island


-Gene pool of the colonists may not represent the larger population they left

2

Non-random mating

Mate preferentially

Mutation

-Change in organism’s DNA


-A new mutation can change the gene pool of a population


-May have neutral, negative, or positive consequences

3

Migration

Migration/movement of individuals between populations preventsdifferent populations of a species from diverging


-A small amount of migration between populations influences gene flow

2

Natural Selection

Agent of microevolution that adapts a population to its environment

Macroevolution

Describes large-scale events in evolution


Speciation and extinction rates vary considerably

2

Mass Extinction

-Periodic events in earth’s history where large numbers oforganisms became extinct


-Create vacant ecological space enabling adaptive radiation

2

Catastrophic species selection

selective survival among speciesduring a mass extinction

Natural selection & catastrophic species selection

produce macroevolutionary trends observed in fossil record

The Cambrian explosion (Date)

570 Million years ago

The Cambrian explosion

-Amazing preservation of soft-bodiedanimals. The Burgess shale in YohoNational Park, BC is a well knownlocation


-All major groups of animals becomeestablished within 10-20 millionyears


-Most fertile time in evolutionaryhistory

3

Permian extinction (Date)

225 Million years ago

Permian extinction

90% of marine invertebrates instinct

Cretaceous extinction (Date)

65 Million years ago

Cretaceous extinction

Dinosaur mass extinction event

Major Innovations in Animal Forms

Multicellularity


True tissues


Animal symmetry


Germ layers


Body cavity (coelom)


Early embryonic development

6

Animal symmetry

Asymmetry


Radial symmetry


Bilateral symmetry

3

Germ layers

Ectoderm


Endoderm


mesoderm

3

Body cavity (coelom)

-Fluid-filled cavity between outer body wall and gut


-Allows increased body flexibility and locomotion efficiency


-Provides space for internal organs

3

Early embryonic development

Animals differ in their early development stages of zygote

Asymmetry

no symmetry

Bilateral Symmetry

can be divided along a plane into two similar halves

Radial Symmetry

Can be divided along any plane into two similar halves

Early embryonic development (steps)

1.Zygote undergoes cleavage


2.Cleavage leads to formation of blastula


3.Germ layers form the tissues and organs

3

ectoderm

covers surface of embryo; outer covering of the animal

endoderm

innermost layer – lining of the digestive tract andorgans derived from it

Mesoderm

Forms the muscles and most other organs – between digestivetube and outer covering of animal

Diploblastic

2 germ layers


cnidarians

2

triplosblastic

3 germ layers


bilateral animals

2

Acoelomate

– no true coelom


– mesoderm filled with spongy cells


– flat worms

3

Pseudocoelomate

– Body cavity surrounding the gut


–Not completely lined by mesoderm


–roundworms

3

Eucoelomate

– True coelom


– Completely lined by mesoderm


– Inner and outer layers of tissues connected to form mesenteries


-Suspend the internal organs


-segmented worms

5

Protostome (steps)

1.Blastopore becomes mouth, anus forms secondarily


2.Spiral cleavage


3.Coelom forms by splitting (schizocoelous)


4.Mosaic embryo

4

Deuterostome (steps)

1.Blastopore becomes anus, mouth forms secondarily


2. Radial cleavage


3.Coelom forms by out-pocketing (enterocoelous)


4.Regulative embryo

4

Kingdoms of Life

Monera


Protista


Fungi


Plantae


Animalia

5

Monera

– Bacteria


– Unicellular


– Prokaryotic

3

Protista

– Protozoa, algae


– Unicellular


– Eukaryotic

3

Fungi

– Molds, yeast


– Usually multi-cellular


– Eukaryotic


– Food absorbed

4

Plantae

–Plants


-Multicellular


-Eukaryotic


-Autotrophic

4

Animalia

-Animals


-Multicellular


-Eukaryotic


-Heterotrophic

4

Taxonomic System

-Kingdom


-Phylum


-Class


-Order


-Family


-Genus


-Species

7

Metazoans

-Multicellular organisms


-Specialized cell functions

2

Protozoans

• Single eukaryotic cell


• Specialized organelles that mayperform locomotory, sensory,excretory, or feeding functions


• No organs or tissues!


• Autotrophic & Heterotrophic

4

Protist Origins

• First evidence of life on earth


• First cells were prokaryotic


• Unicellular eukaryotes arose


• Kingdom Protista is taxonomically complicated


• Eukaryotic protists arose via endosymbiosis

5

Dinoflagellates (kingdom/phylum/class)

Protista


Dinoflagellata


Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates cause

red bloom

Trypanosoma (K,P,C)

Protista


Euglenozoa


Trypanasoma

Trypanosoma causes

African sleeping sickness

Giardia (K,P,C)

Protista


Retortomonada


Giardia

Giardia is an

intestinal parasite of humans

Phylum Ciliophora

-Large, morphologically diverse group


-Most are free-living


-Cytostome (mouth) modifications


-Have cilia

4

Phylum Apicomplexa

-Intracellular parasites of many animals


-Sexual & asexual reproduction


-Diagnostic feature is the apical complex

3

Plasmodium causes

Malaria

Phylum Porifera

-Sponges


-First multicellular body plan

2

Sponge Characteristics

-Simplest multicellular animals


-huge variation in growth form


-Sessile filter feeders, use water canal systems


-asymmetrical

4

Choanocytes

Flagellated cells that line the water canals

Amoebocytes

-Amoeboid cells that move in the mesohyl


-Phagocytize particles from choanocytes


-Secrete spicules

3

Spicules

Provide skeletal support