Bio 121 Chapter 19 Blood

Front 1

What are the three functions of blood?

Back 1

1. Transportation. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste products. 2. Regulation. Ph, body temperature, osmotic pressure. 3. Protection. Clotting and phagocytosis.

Front 2

How many components does blood have? Name them.

Back 2

2. blood plasma and formed elements

Front 3

Blood plasma mostly consists of ________?

Back 3

water, 91.5%

Front 4

Blood plasma is made of up three main parts, name them.

Back 4

water, proteins and other solutes.

Front 5

How many components make up the formed elements of blood? Name them.

Back 5

3. RBC, WBC and platelets

Front 6

What are the four main groups and percentages of proteins in blood plasma?

Back 6

Albumins; 54%: Globulins; 38%: Fibrogens; 7%: Others; 1%

Front 7

What's the main function of water in blood plasma?

Back 7

Solvent

Front 8

What's the main function of plasma in blood?

Back 8

Exert colloid osmotic pressure.

Front 9

What part of blood plasma acts as transport proteins for several fatty acids and steroid hormones.

Back 9

Albumins

Front 10

What part of plasma helps transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins.

Back 10

Globulins

Front 11

Part of the blood plasma that help with blood clotting.

Back 11

Fibrogin

Front 12

Regulatory substances are contained in what part of blood.

Back 12

blood plasma, as a solute

Front 13

Electrolites are contained in what part of blood.

Back 13

blood plasma, as a solute

Front 14

Nutrients are contained in what part of blood.

Back 14

blood plasma, as a solute

Front 15

Gases are contained in what part of blood.

Back 15

blood plasma, as a solute

Front 16

Waste products are contained in what part of blood.

Back 16

blood plasma, as a solute

Front 17

How many main types of white blood cells are there? Name them.

Back 17

5. Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils.

Front 18

How are white blood cells categorized?

Back 18

granular and agranular

Front 19

Name the granular white blood cells.

Back 19

eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils

Front 20

Name the agranular white blood cells.

Back 20

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 21

Plasma is __ % of blood and formed elements are ___ % of blood.

Back 21

55, 45

Front 22

Certain blood cells develop into cells that produce gamma globulins that are produced during certain immune responses. These are called?

Back 22

antibodies or immunoglobulins

Front 23

Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by ____?

Back 23

RBCs

Front 24

The percentage of blood volume occupied by RBCs is called?

Back 24

hematocrit

Front 25

A drop in hematocrit is called?

Back 25

anemia

Front 26

A rise in hematocrit is called?

Back 26

polycythemia

Front 27

What hormone stimulates the production of RBCs?

Back 27

erythropoietin

Front 28

Men have a higher hematocrit, why?

Back 28

testosterone stimulates EPO

Front 29

What is the process by which formed cells develop?

Back 29

hemopoiesis

Front 30

What cell is the starting place for all of the formed cells of blood?

Back 30

pluripotent stem cells or hemocytoblasts

Front 31

Pluripotent stem cells develop into two different types of stem cells. Name them.

Back 31

Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells

Front 32

Myeloid stem cells form and develop in the red bone marrow. How do Lymphoid stem cells differ?

Back 32

Lymphoid stem cells start in the red bone marrow and complete development in lymphatic tissue.

Front 33

Some myeloid stem cells develop into progenitor cells or precursor cells. How do Lymphoid stem cells differ?

Back 33

Lymphoid stem cells do not develop into progenitor cells.

Front 34

What are the development steps from a myeloid stem cell to a red blood cell?

Back 34

Myeloid --> progenitor CFU-E --> proerythroblast --> reticulocyte --> RBC

Front 35

What are the development steps from a myeloid stem cell to a platelet?

Back 35

Myeloid --> progenitor CFU-Meg --> megakaryoblast --> megakaryocyte --> platelet

Front 36

What's another name for erythrocyte?

Back 36

Red Blood Cell

Front 37

What's another name for platelet?

Back 37

thrombocyte

Front 38

Hemoglobin consists of how many polypeptide chains?

Back 38

4

Front 39

What are the two types of hemoglobin polypeptide chains?

Back 39

alpha / beta

Front 40

A heme group is attached to what part of an RBC?

Back 40

one for each of the four hemoglobin polypeptide chains in hemoglobin.

Front 41

What does heme contain that helps supports one of the main functions of the RBC?

Back 41

It has an iron ion, Fe 2+, that revesibly binds with O2.

Front 42

How many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin hold?

Back 42

4

Front 43

What other functions besides carrying oxygen does RBCs have.

Back 43

Carry CO2 and NO.

Front 44

What carries Fe2+ in the blood stream?

Back 44

transferrin

Front 45

What is the iron storage protein in the liver?

Back 45

ferritin

Front 46

What are the steps heme goes through after phagocytocis of the red blood cell?

Back 46

heme --> biliverdin --> bilirubin --> (bacteria) urobiligen --> [excreted as Urobilin by kidneys] or [excreted as stercobilin in feces]

Front 47

What is the life of a RBC?

Back 47

120 days

Front 48

What two white blood cells are involved in phagocytocis?

Back 48

Neutrophils and monocytes

Front 49

What is chemotaxis?

Back 49

The phenomenon where chemicals released by microbes and inflamed tissue attract phagocytes.

Front 50

Which WBC releases lysozymes, strong oxidants and defensins.

Back 50

Neutrophils

Front 51

Monocytes perform phagocytosis after _____?

Back 51

transforming into either fixed or wandering macrophages.

Front 52

What WBC liberates heparin, histamine and serotonin in allergic reactions?

Back 52

basophils

Front 53

What WBC combats the effects of histamine, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and destroy certain parasitic worms.

Back 53

Eosinophils

Front 54

What is the precursor of plasma cells?

Back 54

B lymphocytes (B cell)

Front 55

What are three mechanisms that contribute to hemostatis?

Back 55

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulations (clotting)

Front 56

Name the three steps in platelet plug formation.

Back 56

platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, platelet aggregation.

Front 57

What is the hormone within platelets that cause proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle and fibroblasts?

Back 57

platelet-derived growht factor (PDGF)

Front 58

Clotting involves substances know as _________?

Back 58

Clotting or coagulation factors.

Front 59

What is used to identify coagulation factors?

Back 59

Roman Numerals

Front 60

What are the two pathways of clotting?

Back 60

Extrinsic and intrinsic

Front 61

A tissue protein named _______________ or _____________ leaks into the blood from cells outside blood cells and initiates the formation of prothrombinase.

Back 61

TF (tissue factor) or thromboplastin

Front 62

What are the three stages of clotting?

Back 62

1. extrinsic or intrinsic pathway. 2. prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin. 3. thrombin converts soluble fibrogen into insoluble fibrin. Fibrin forms the threads of the clot.