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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
meninges |
connective tissue covering brain |
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cerebrospinal fluid |
found between meninges and brain |
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prosencephalon |
forebrain; region of all olfactory sense |
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forebrain: telencephalon |
cerebrum; made up of the olfactory bulbs, olfactory lobes, and olfactory epithelium |
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forebrain: diencephalon |
posterior part of forebrain; made up of pineal gland, hypothalamus, saccus vasculosus |
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pineal gland |
part of diencephalon; also called epiphysis; @ roof of diencephalon; light-sensitive tissue
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hypothalamus |
part of diencephalon; @ floor; collection of nerve bodies; site of integration; found just outside of pituitary |
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pituitary gland |
protrusion of hypothalamus; endocrine; releases hormones |
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saccus vasculosus |
part of diencephalon; posterior to hypothalamus; highly vascularized evagination of third ventricle; filled CSF inner part of evagination lined with ciliated cells projecting into CSF so may be able to detect change in fluid pressure which happens during diving |
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mesencephalon |
midbrain; site of visual sense; made up of optic lobes and optic tectum (unknown fxn; @roof) and torus semicircularis |
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midbrain: torus semicircularis |
@ floor of midbrain; receives somatotopically ordered electrosensory input from the medulla and caudal lobe of the cerebellum, and input from optic tectum |
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rhombencephalon |
hindbrain; made up of the metencephalon and myelencephalon |
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hindbrain: metencephalon |
cerebellum; coordinates neural info related to motion and balance; consists of the valvula cerebelli and corpus cerebelli; where eminentiae granulares are found |
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eminentiae granulares |
lateral swellings; larger in fishes that are able to produce electricity |
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hindbrain: myelencephalon |
consists of the medulla oblongata and Mauthner cells |
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Cranial Nerve 0 |
11th CN; found at the anterior part of fish brain and closely associated with olfactory nerves; cross reacted with Gonadotropic Releasing Factor so may pick up odor related to reproductive processes |
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Spinal Cord |
central canal continuous with 2nd and 3rd ventricle of brain; has CSF; typical organization |
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Chemoreception |
serves immediate physiological processes; for intraspecific communication; remember! stimuli very prevalent in universal solvent, water |
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2 major components of chemoreception |
sense of olfaction and sense of taste |
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sense of olfaction |
detects distant odors; mediated by CN ; situated in the olfactory pit; blind sac unlike in higher vertrates |
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soo: olfactory pits |
usually found in pairs; consists of the opening nares |
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soo: monorhinic |
in agnathans; one olfactory pit |
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soo: nostril divisons |
modified nostrils; may be divided into incurrent and excurrent siphons |
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soo: incurrent nares (some) |
modified nostrils; funnel shaped for iso-osmotic ventilation |
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soo: isoosmotic ventiltion |
modified nostrils; occurs in funnel shaped incurrent nares; water being lead into opening whenever fish moves |
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soo: ciliated cells in nares |
modified nostrils; produces water current for ventilation in nares |
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soo: cycloosmotic irrigation |
modified nostrils; deformation of accessory sac; every time mouth opens/closes, volume of accessory sac expands/compresses |
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soo: olfactory rosette |
flower-shaped epithelia lining olfactory chamber |
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soo: raphe |
longitudinal ridge; eventually runs along axis of nostrils to form the rosette |
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soo: lamellae |
folds that arise from floor of olfactory chamber; increase surface area |
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soo: olfactory chamber |
may contain sensory or non-sensory epithelial cells, ciliated or non-ciliated continuously sloughed off and replenished by basal cells (?) |
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soo: non-sensory epithelial cells |
goblet cells; for production of mucus to trap odor by a protein * |
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soo: sensory epithelial cells |
usually concentrated a raphe; may be ciliated or microvillous; bipolar; |
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soo: bipolar neurons |
have long axons projecting into serosal membrane and form olfactory tracts |
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soo: excitable cells |
unstable and easily depolarized |
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soo: sensitivity threshold |
very low; 10^-13 molar quantities so minute sources like amino acids can be detected |
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soo: amino acids, bioacids, metabolites |
serve as food/ social cues |
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soo: lateral olfactory nerve tracts |
found at outer sides of fibers |
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soo: medial olfactory nerve tracts |
found at inner sides of fibers |
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soo: spatial transmission |
olfactory information detected by olfactory epithelium (ex. food odor exclusively transmitted by lateral nerve tracts; reproductive cues exclusively transmitted by medial nerve tracts) |
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soo: electroolfactogram (EOG) |
produced by change in membrane potential when electrical probe is inserted to olfactory nerve tracts
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sense of gustation |
exclusively related to food odor detection; relayed by several CNs (7, 9, 10); may be microvillous or ciliated; found almost everywhere; |
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sog: sensitivity threshold |
relatively higher; can only detect micromolar quantities (10^-5 mq) |
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mechanoreception |
has 2 major components: inner ear and lateralis of lateral line |
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inner ear |
part of mechanoreception for detecting sound and balance; called membranous cavity/labyrinth; has distinct connection to body wall by an opening (endolymphatic duct) in sharks; has 2 subdivisions |
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lateralis of lateral lobe |
part of mechanoreception for detecting water movement |
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ie: endolymphatic duct |
found only in sharks; connects inner ear to body wall; filled with gel-like fluids |
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ie: pars superior |
1 sub of inner ear; for balance; consists of utriculus ampulla |
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ps: ampulla |
contains cupula, i think |
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ps: crista |
mound consisting of sensory ciliated cells on top |
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ps: macula |
sensory ciliated cells on top of crista; encased by gel-like structure |
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ps: cupula |
gelatinous ridge encasing macula |
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otolith |
calcareous structure barely touching sensory epithelial cells so if fish moves, otolith then cilia move, sending electrical signals; grows through accretion; can be used to estimate age of fish; |
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neuromast organ |
basic structure of acoustico-lateralis system; consists of the ampulla, cupula, macula, crista |
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ie: pars inferior |
1 sub of inner ear; for sound detection; consists of the sacculus ampulla and lagena ampulla |
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otolith: sagitta |
largest otolith; found in sacculus |
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otolith: lapillus |
otolith found in utriculus |
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otolith: astericus |
otolith found in lagena |
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otophysic fish |
has connection of swim bladder with inner ear through tiny bones of vertebra called Weberian ossicles or has auditory bullae |
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Weberian ossicles |
would pick up mechanical vibration caused by water disturbance to air trapped in swim bladder, and send vibration to inner ear for ostarophysic fishes |
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auditory bullae |
filled with gas originating from anterior part of swim bladder where it is connected to; this part of SB is also covered by a thin membrane connected to inner ear; water disturbance would lead to vibration @ bullae then drum-like vibration @ membrane then to inner ear for clupeomorphs |
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superficial neuromast organ |
would have no otolith and cilia would just be shaken. would be found on epidermis at lateral line system connected by lateral line canal filled with endolymphatic fluid; cilia not at equal length |
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no: kinocilium |
longer cilia found at the superficial neuromast organ; movement would increase firing rate of generation of action potential, increasing sensation of movement |
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no: stereocilium |
cilia of varying length found at neuromast organ |
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lateral line system |
disconnected: tilapia directed dorsally: bottom dweller bottom: flying fish curved above pectoral fin: to avoid continuous disturbance by movement of fin |
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electrosensory system |
for detecting weak currents by electrosensory receptors usually at the anterior; for communication to detect movement caused by current generated by changes in membrane potential due to muscle contraction |
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pit organs |
part of electrosensory system; epidermal depressions filled with electroconductive gel; at the bottom of each are neuromast cells; may be found at pectoral fins |
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2 types of electroreceptors |
ampullary type tuberous type |
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electroreceptor: ampullary type |
for cartilaginous fishes; consists of the ampulla of Lorenzini |
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ampulla of Lorenzini |
found at pit organs of sharks; communicate through a long canal filled with electroconductive gel |
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remember! chemoreception vs electrosensory |
chemoreception can be overriden by electrosensory system |
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fun fact! hammerhead sharks |
have large amounts of electroreceptors on their snout which leads them to keep moving their heads for scanning; lateral extensions increase area |
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electroreceptor: tuberous type |
absence of long canal; for bony fishes |
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electrocytes |
specialized cells, modified muscle cells able to generate and electric force powerful enough to stun preys; horizontally stacked and innervated |
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Photoreception |
system that needs the electrogmagnetic wave energy, light |
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light |
varies in wavelength and frequency |
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short wavelength |
shades of blue |
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long wavelength |
shades of red |
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light attenuation |
reduction of intensity when light hits the water; divides ocean into several zones |
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euphotic zone |
200-300 m; enough light for photosynthesis to occur |
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disphotic zone |
200-1000 m; twilight zone; light can penetrate but not enough to sustain life |
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aphotic zone |
greater than 1000m; absolutely no light and freezing cold can have light but from bioluminesence |
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factors that affect penetration of light |
biotic: planktons and nektons abiotic: sediment, garbage, temporal movement of earth relative to the sun |
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lens |
spherical; held dorsally by a ligament and ventrally by ventral retractor lental muscle; grows by accretion;
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lens focusing |
very sharp because of a gradient in rerative indices (at the middle of the lens is densely packed protein and as you move laterally, becomes less dense) |
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ventral retractor lental muscle |
able to move lens forward or backward, varying the focal length |
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vitreous humour |
hit by light after lens is hit
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retina |
tissue hit by light after vitreous humour; measures max light absorbance level to distinguish visual pigments; composed of several cell layers: pigment epithelial cell photoreceptor cells bipolar neurons ganglionic cells |
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retina cell layer: pigment epithelial cells |
filled with melanin granules; have very long extensions letting granules move up and down; then encounters photoreceptor cells |
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retina cell layer: photoreceptor cells |
consists of 2 types: cone and rods; tend to synapse with bipolar neurons |
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cone cells |
photoreceptor cells; for bright and colored light conditons; contractile |
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rod cells |
photoreceptor cells; for dim light conditions; contractile |
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retina cell layer: bipolar neurons |
synapse with nerve cells to form ganglionic cells |
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retina cell layer: ganglionic cells |
formed by synapse of bipolar neurons with nerve cells |
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fish eyes |
laterally placed for wide field of vision |
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binocular vision |
used by fish for better estimation of distance and depth |
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nictitating membrane |
eyelid-like, found in sharks and other fishes; acts as a wiper! especially during feeding frenzies for them to see better |
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adipose eyelid |
streamlines head of fish by reducing bulge of eyes caused by large lens that pushes out cornea |
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pupillary flap |
membrane that overhangs eyes of bottom-dwelling fishes to protect their eyes from sediment and downwelling light |
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Snell's Window |
a 97 degree angled cone formed when light gets bent as it hits the water, allowing fishes to see from horizon to horizon |
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eyeshine |
occurs in fish due their tapetum lucidum |
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tapetum lucidum |
found between retina and sclera; made up of guanine crystals that are iridescent; reflects light back to retina to see things better in dim waters disadvantage: makes the fish more visible to predators |
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rhodopsin |
dominant pigment found in rods; protein complex made up of protein, opsin |
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rhodopsin opsin |
complexed with a chromatophore compund that may be derived from Vitamin A1 |
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porphyropsin |
dominant pigment found in cones; protein complex made up of the protein, opsin |
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porphyropsin opsin |
complexed with a chromatophore compound that may be derived from Vitamin A2 |
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retina: deep-water fishes |
fishes with rods with visual pigments of low maximum light absorbance level |
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retina: shallow-water fishes |
fishes with cones with visual pigments of high maximum light absorbance level |
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ontogenetic shift |
dominance of pigment cells shift to adapt to change in light conditions due to ontogeny |
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seasonal variations |
variation in light intensity caused by change in seasons |
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retino-motor movement/photomechanical movement of pigment and visual cells |
long processes of pigment cells interdigitate with rods and cones; melanin granules act accordingly depending on light conditions |
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retino-motor movement under dim light conditions |
melanin granules retreat backwards --> rods move toward incident light --> cones move toward direction of melanin granules |
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retino-motor movement under bright light conditions |
melanin granules shield rods, which move backwards; cones move toward direction of incident light |
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crepuscular period |
twilight; abundance of both rods and cones |
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visual adaptation: colored cornea |
ability to reduce or enhance amount of light going to retina |
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visual adaptation: photophores |
light-emitting tissue to make their presence known; result of cells that are able to produce bioluminescence or by symbiotic bacteria |
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visual adaptation: "four-eyed" fish, <i>Anableps</i> |
has oval-shaped lens for air-water vision: long axis oriented downwards, short axis upwards *sharper image from underwater due to long focal length caused by long axis |
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Anableps: air water vision mechanism |
has iris flap, a membrane that divides pupil, which allows light from air and water to water ventral retina receives light from above dorsal retina receives light from below |
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visual adaptation: tubular eyes |
for fishes in deep waters where there is very low intensity of light; pointed upward; eye organ is elongated; presence of accessory retina so any light that arises from an angle may hit the lens and be detected by accessory retina |
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visual adaptation: extraoccular sensory organ |
also the epiphysis/pineal gland, which is why frontal bone is thin, to let light pass as endocrine: secretes melatonin which increases at nighttime |