Bio 117 Lecture 2

Front 1

macroevolution

give example

Back 1

the change from one taxonomic group into another

ex. fish into amphibians

Front 2

what are the five kinds of evidence of macroevolution

Back 2

fossil evidence
structural homology
developmental homology
vestigial traits
genetic homology

Front 3

what was Charles Lyell's uniformitarian proposal?

Back 3

the forces molding the planet today had operated continuously throughout its history

Front 4

according to darwin, which forces seen today in the biological world gradually produced the whole diversity of life on earth

Back 4

reproduction, inheritance, and competition

Front 5

what is the geological record?

Back 5

record of geological activity as appearing in the layers of rocks and sediment over geological time

Front 6

what is the fossil record?

Back 6

the record or history of life forms preserved from the past and occurring in the geological record (example- the earths strata)

Front 7

generalities of the fossil record are (3)

Back 7

1 major increases in structure/species complexity requires millions/billions of years

2 life began in the sea

3 rapid burial in aquatic sediment is the most important way that fossils are formed

Front 8

major increases in structure/species complexity requires millions/billions of years

explain further

Back 8

only simple, one celled organisms occur in the oldest strata while progressively more complex organisms appear in progressively more recent strata

Front 9

life began in the sea

explain further

Back 9

aquatic or semi-aquatic organisms are more abundant than terrestrial organisms in the fossil record, especially in the older fossil-bearing strata, showing that life began in the sea and only later did some plants and animals gradually acquire the adaptations required to support life out of water

Front 10

rapid burial in aquatic sediment is the most important way that fossils are formed

Back 10

fossils of terrestrial organisms are far more abundant in strata from shallow marine environments and swamps than from terrestrial environments (like volcanic ash or saves) thus favoring fossilization of plants/animals living near wetlands, rivers or coastal areas

Front 11

what are fossils?

Back 11

any recognizable structure of organic origin (once living) preserved from the geological pa

Front 12

what factors most favor preservation

(there are two)

Back 12

1 rapid burial

2 possession of hard parts (exoskeleton and endoskeleton parts, teeth, shells)

Front 13

name the five ways fossils are formed

Back 13

1 organic preservation

2 mineral perfusion

3 molds and casts

4 footprints and trails

5 coprolites

Front 14

describe the two types of organic preservation

Back 14

1 antiseptic burial- in oil seeps and asphalt bogs.

2 freezing- ex. woolly mammoth

Front 15

describe mineral perfusion ( a type of fossilization)

Back 15

its the replacement of original tissue of buried organism. (ex. mesozouc conifer tree) the wood was replaced by minerals

Front 16

What is structural homology?

give example

Back 16

traits in two organisms are similar because they were derived from a single trait in a common ancestor

ex. vertebrate limb bones

Front 17

Embryology (developmental homology)

Back 17

the early embryonic stages of vertebrates (examples- cats, chickens, humans) have gill pouches associated with the development of gills in adults of fishes and some amphibians; the pouches of higher vertebrates disappear during development, as do the necessity of gills, but the presence of pouches in the embryp suggest a common ancestor to all vertebrates.

Front 18

What are three ways fossils can be dated

Back 18

1 direct enumeration

2 direct dating with carbon 14 and potassium argon

2 indirect dating

*LOOK UP IN NOTES*

Front 19

Vestigial Traits

give examples

Back 19

ex. coccyx and appendix

a non-functional trait in one species that is homologous to a functional trait in an ancestral species

Front 20

Microevolution

Back 20

changes in gene frequency within a species that produce differences in characteristics from one population to the next that culminates in the origin of new species.

Front 21

Evolution occurs more quickly than seen in the fossil record in terms of change in important genetic traits in a population through time. what is this change?

Back 21

it is the change in allelic frequency from one generation to the next. if selection is strong enough, one can see measurable changes in gene frequency in just one or very few generations

Front 22

Two examples of Microevolution

Back 22

1 antibiotic resistance

2 invasive species

Front 23

invasive species

give example

Back 23

cause local changes in phenotypes and gene frequency of native species because of sudden increases in competition

ex european house finch was introduced to eastern USA from th west coast; caused an increase in the beak size of eastern house sparrows because the introduced finches had smaller beak sizes that the sparrows. over the past 50 yrs an increase in the size of the house sparrow beaks ocurred via "directional election"

Front 24

describe molds and casts (a type of fossilization)

Back 24

sediment around the buried organism becomes hardened before the organism disintegrates forming a mold.

subsequent filling in of the mold with minerals that become hardened becomes a cast of the original organism.

Front 25

what are coprolites?

Back 25

fossilized excrement (into mud/bog..upon dying)

Front 26

three ways fossils can be dated

Back 26

1. direct enumeration

2. direct dating

3. indirect dating

Front 27

what are two types of direct enumeration

Back 27

growth rings (like in trees) and varves (annual deposition patterns)

Front 28

two types of varves (annual deposition patterns)

Back 28

1. seasonal run off

2. snow accumulation

Front 29

direct dating

two examples

Back 29

radioisotope dating of the fossil or the strata touching it

1. carbon 14

2. potassium-argon

Front 30

indirect dating

Back 30

radioisotope dating volcanic intrusions running through fossil-bearing strata.

Front 31

In direct dating, what allows you to know the age of the volcanic intrusion?

Back 31

the ratio of lead to the adjacent uranium ore in the volcanic rock

Front 32

What geological events affect the fossil record?

(4)

Back 32

1. continental drift

2. land up uplift and subsidence

3. volcanic activity

4. weathering/erosion

Front 33

in what era did Pangaea start to break up and move to their present positions?

Back 33

Mesozoic era

Front 34

land uplift and subsidence

Back 34

it has provided a mechanism for the periodic formation of strata through time, with strata always formed under water, and the gaps between successive strata being times of land uplift above sea level

Front 35

Volcanic activity

how does ash and lava feel about fossils?

Back 35

ash- favors fossil formation and lava destroys organisms and fossils

Front 36

How does weathering and erosion affect the fossil record?

Back 36

during uplift, erosion destroys some of the most recent records in strata from previous eons deposited under water.