Bio 114 Midterm No. 1

Front 1

3 components of plant cells

Back 1

1. Cell walls
2. Vacuoles
3. Chloroplasts

Front 2

Plasma Membrane

Back 2

A selectively permeable barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Front 3

Characteristics of a Cell Wall

Back 3

1. Made mostly of cellulose
2. Function: support and protect
3. Flexible primary cell wall is present in all plants
4. Some cells have a rigid secondary cell wall imbedded with lignin

Front 4

Chloroplast

Back 4

Specialized plastid where photosynthesis occurs.

Front 5

Levels of Organization in Life

Back 5

1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Cells
4. Tissues
5. Organs
6. Organisms
7. Ecosystems

Front 6

Vacuole

Back 6

Membrane enclosed fluid filled space that can occupy up to 90% of a mature cell.

Front 7

Functions of Vacuole

Back 7

1. Helps maintain cell pressure
2. Storage and breakdown of cellular waste products.
3. Location of water soluble dyes called anthocyanins (purple and red in color)

Front 8

Parts of a Plant

Back 8

Leaf
Node
Internode
Stem
Root

Front 9

The Three Tissue Systems

Back 9

1. Surface (dermal) Tissue
2. Vascular Tissue
3. Ground Tissue

Front 10

Epidermis

Back 10

Outermost layer of cells covered with a waxy cuticle layer to prevent water loss. This is made up of more than one cell type.

Front 11

Trichomes

Back 11

Hairs on the epidermis "leaf hairs"

Front 12

Stomata

Back 12

Made up of guard cells that form pores to allow for the exchange of CO2 coming in and O and H2O coming out.

Front 13

Ground Tissues

Back 13

Present in most organs of the plant. Made of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells, among other types.

Front 14

Parenchyma Cells

Back 14

Thin primary cell walls that can take on many shapes. They are living at maturity and contain a large central vacuole.

Front 15

Function of Parenchyma Cells in Photosynthesis

Back 15

Storage and transport food and water.

Front 16

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 16

Dead at maturity, thick and rigid secondary cell walls that support and protect.

Front 17

Two types of Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 17

Sclereids (if short) and fibers (if long).

Front 18

Vascular Tissue

Back 18

Continuous tissue throughout the plant in which substances are transported.

Front 19

Two types of Vascular Tissue

Back 19

Xylem and phloem

Front 20

Xylem

Back 20

Vascular tissue that transports water and mineral salts.
Two types of cells" Tracheids and Vessel Elements

Front 21

Phloem

Back 21

Transports sugars and other organic substances.
Consists of sieve tube members (the conducting cells). Sieve tubs members function with the help of Companion cells.

Front 22

Meristem

Back 22

Where growth occurs

Front 23

Primary Growth

Back 23

Apical meristems: Primary tissues, increase in length

Front 24

Secondary Growth

Back 24

Lateral meristems: secondary tissues, increase in girth

Front 25

Vascular Bundle

Back 25

Bundle of Xylem and Phloem.

Front 26

Wood

Back 26

Secondary Xylem

Front 27

Vascular Cambium in Monocots?

Back 27

No vc in monocots because they do not become woody. Vc only in dicots.

Front 28

Which is more abundant: Xylem or Phloem?

Back 28

There is always more Xylem then Phloem being produced by the Vascular Cambium. The primary Xylem is always in the middle.

Front 29

Early wood vs Late wood

Back 29

Early wood is lighter and generally thicker because it grows during the wet season. Late wood is darker and generally smaller because it takes place in the dry season.

Front 30

Heartwood

Back 30

The middle of the tree that no longer transports water. Can be removed without harming the tree.

Front 31

Sapwood

Back 31

Unlike heartwood, sapwood still transports water and if removed could harm the tree.

Front 32

When looking at a tree ring, the order of elements from inside to outside.

Back 32

1. Primary Xylem
2. Secondary Xylem
3. Heartwood (dark)
4. Sapwood (light)
5. Vascular Cambium
6. Living Phloem
7. Periderm
8. Cork Cambium
9. Cork

Front 33

Look of a monocot vs dicot

Back 33

Monocot's vascular bundles are random and unorderly.
Dicot's vascular bundles are radial and connected by the vascular cambium.

Front 34

Cork

Back 34

Produced by the cork cambium, which develops from parenchyma cells in the cortex.
Replaces the epidermis.
Protective outer coating.
Cork cells are dead and impregnated with suberin wax.

Front 35

Lenticel

Back 35

Tear in the bark that allows for gas exchange. Especially visible in light colored bark trees such as the Birch.

Front 36

Stolons or Runners

Back 36

Horizontal oriented stems.
Function: Vegetative Reproduction

Front 37

Succulent Stems

Back 37

Spherical Stems
Low surface area-to-volume ratio
Function: water storage

Front 38

Tuber Stems

Back 38

The swollen end of an underground stem.
Function: Nutrient storage.

Front 39

California Statistics

Back 39

200 miles wide
800 miles long
N-S trending mountains
Large central valley
Large dessert areas

Front 40

California Topography

Back 40

Has the highest and lowest points in US: Mount Whitney (14,495 ft) & Death Valley (276 ft below sea level).

Front 41

Mediterranean Climate

Back 41

Mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Only 2% of world has this climate, including portions of CA such as SLO.

Front 42

Further from the coast...

Back 42

...The more significant the changes are in the seasons and in daily temperatures.

Front 43

Influence of Topography and Elevation

Back 43

Precipitation increases and temperature decreases with elevation due to the orographic effect.

Front 44

Rain Shadows

Back 44

Created by mountains, the climate is drier on lee slopes of mountains than on windward slopes.

Front 45

Plant Community

Back 45

An assemblage of populations living in the same area.

Front 46

Functions of Roots

Back 46

1. Anchorage
2. Absorption
3. Conduction
4. Storage

Front 47

2 kinds of root systems

Back 47

1. Taproot
2. Fibrous root: adventitious roots (no one root is dominant)

Front 48

Taproot

Back 48

Has one main root that grows downward.

Ex. Pine trees, carrots, and beets.

Front 49

Fibrous Root

Back 49

Has many adventitious roots. No one root is more prominent then the others.

Ex. Wheat and corn

Front 50

Root Cap

Back 50

Covers the tip of the root. Helps guide the roots through the soil and protects the meristem.

Front 51

Mucigel

Back 51

A polysaccharide coating that lubricates the soil ahead of the growing root. Produced by the root cap.

Front 52

3 Zones of Cells in Roots

Back 52

1. Zone of Cell Division
2. Zone of Cell Elongation
3. Zone of Maturation (differentiation)

Front 53

Zone of Cell Division

Back 53

Located near the tip of the root, includes the apical meristem and its derivatives.

Front 54

Zone of Cell Elongation

Back 54

Zone where cells enlarge and elongate up to 100 times their original length. This process pushes the root tip through the soil.

Front 55

Zone of Maturation

Back 55

Region where the new cells become specialized in structure and function. Region where epidermal root hairs form.

Front 56

Epidermis in Roots

Back 56

Provides protection, absorbs water and minerals from the soil.

Front 57

Vasculature in Roots

Back 57

Central column of xylem with radiating arms, alternating with strands of phloem.

Front 58

Pericycle

Back 58

Outer boundary of vascular tissue, gives rise to lateral roots.

Front 59

Lateral Roots

Back 59

Pushes through the cortex until emerging from the primary root. Stays connected to vascular tissue for water and nutrition.

Front 60

Dicot Vasculature

Back 60

Vascular bundle where xylem forms and X in the middle, surrounded by phloem. Pericycle and endodermis form a ring around bundle, all surrounded by the cortex.

Front 61

Cortex in Roots

Back 61

Occupies the greatest volume of the primary body of most roots. Major function: storage of starch.

Front 62

Amyloplast

Back 62

An organelle that contains large starch grains.

Front 63

Endodermis of Roots

Back 63

Tightly packed innermost ring of cells i the cortex. Each cell is surrounded by a Casparian strip impregnated with suberin and lignin.

Front 64

Caparian Strip

Back 64

A band of wall material in the endodermis containing suberin and lignin. Function: regulate what enters and leaves the vascular cylinder.

Front 65

Aerial Roots

Back 65

Roots that grow above ground. Usually found in humid environments.

Front 66

Back 66

Lupine

Lupinus spp.

Front 67

Back 67

California Bay-Laurel

Umbellularia Californica

Oak Woodlands and Riparian Areas

Front 68

Back 68

Chamise

Adenostoma Fosiculatum

Chaparral

Front 69

Back 69

Italian Ryegrass

Lolium Multiflorum

Grassland

Front 70

Back 70

Coyote Brush

Baccharis Pillularis

Coastal Shrub

Front 71

Back 71

Foxtail Barley

Hordeum Murinum

Grassland

Front 72

Back 72

Black Sage

Salvia Mellifera

Coastal Scrub

Front 73

Back 73

Mountain Mahogany

Cercocarpus Betuloides

Chaparral

Front 74

Back 74

Coast Live Oak

Quercus Agrifolia

Oak Woodlands

Front 75

Back 75

California Sage Brush

Artemisia Californica

Coastal Scrub

Front 76

Biodiversity Hot Spot

Back 76

Regions that harbor a great diversity of species and have been significantly impacted by humans.

Front 77

Floristic Provinces

Back 77

Major areas characterized by plants that occur primarily in that region and nowhere else.

Front 78

3 Floristic Provinces in California

Back 78

1. California Floristic Province
2. Great Basin Floristic Province
3. Sonoran Floristic Province

Front 79

California Floristic Province

Back 79

Includes about 75% of the states area plus the edges of other states.

Contains about 85% of the genera in CA and about 81% of the species.

Front 80

California Biological Diversity

Back 80

CA has about 6000 distinct species.
4844 of these are considered native species (82.6%). 1023 have been introduced (17.4%).

Front 81

SLO county stats

Back 81

3,616 square miles
Population: 250,000
Precipitation: 6-60+ inches
Coastline: 100 miles
Highest Elevation: 5106 ft (Caliente Peak)
1850 native plant species

Front 82

Native Plants (California)

Back 82

Plants that were present before the visitation or colonization of the state by Europeans.

Front 83

Endemic Species

Back 83

Confined to a particular location, region, and habitat.

Front 84

_______ of the species in California are endemic.

_______ of the species in the California Floristic Province are endemics.

Back 84

1/3

1/2

Front 85

Flora

Back 85

A listing of all the plants that occur in an area.

Front 86

Vegetation

Back 86

The life forms or general aspect of the plants growing in an area (physiognomy), such as shrub land or grassland.

Front 87

Plant Community

Back 87

A assemblage of different species living in the same area.

Front 88

Ecotones

Back 88

Spatial borders where two or more communities come together.

Front 89

Succession

Back 89

Transition of community structure and composition through time.

Front 90

Function of Leaves

Back 90

Photosynthesis
Regulate Water Loss
Storage
Protection
Attraction
Nutrition
Propagation
Climbing

Front 91

Morphology of a Leaf

Back 91

Blade
Petiole
Stipule

Front 92

Blade

Back 92

Expanded portion of the leaf

Front 93

Petiole

Back 93

Leaf Stalk

Front 94

Sessile

Back 94

Leaves without a petiole

Front 95

Stipule

Back 95

Appendage at the base of the petiole

Front 96

Simple Leaves

Back 96

The leaf blades are not divided into separate parts.

Front 97

Compound Leaves

Back 97

Leaves are divided into leaflets.
1. Pinnately Compounded
2. Palmately compound

Front 98

Pinnately Compounded

Back 98

Leaflets arise from either side of the rachis.

Front 99

Palmately Compounded

Back 99

Leaflets diverge from the petiole tip (no rachis, which is an extension of the petiole)

Front 100

Phyllotaxy

Back 100

The way leaves are arranged along the stem.

Front 101

Leaf Venation

Back 101

Vein: vascular bundles in the leaves.

Front 102

Dune Succession

Back 102

1. Sand blows above high tide level.
2. Plants begin to colonize.
3. Plant colony becomes center of a pile know as hummocks.
4. Plants gradually cover dune, and stabilize sands.

Front 103

Foredune Environment

Back 103

Sandy Soil
Unstable
Low Fertility
Holds Little Water
Salt Spray

Front 104

Salt Spray

Back 104

Salt spray coats sand and any exposed plant parts.

Front 105

Wind Pruning

Back 105

"Wedges" develop with dead plants slanted in front to protect living plants behind it.

Front 106

Pioneer Dune Plants

Back 106

First plants to colonize, which allows for other plants to follow.

Front 107

Blowouts

Back 107

A formerly stabilized dune can blow over, burying plants in its path.
May result from a storm action or human activities.