Bio 112 Final Exam

Front 1

Animal

Back 1

Multicellular heterotrophs that are diverse in form and habitat, are mostly mobile, reproduce sexually, and have characteristic embryonic development.

Front 2

Parazoa

Back 2

Animals that lack definite symmetry and have neither tissues or organs (sponges).

Front 3

Eumetazoa

Back 3

Animals with definite symmetry and shape, and have tissues organized into organs and organ systems.

Front 4

Radial Symmetry

Back 4

Symmetry with a body that is arranged around a central axis in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into mirror images.

Front 5

Bilateral Symmetry

Back 5

Symmetry with a body that has a right and left half that are mirror images of each other.

Front 6

Ectoderm

Back 6

The outer body coverings and nervous systems.

Front 7

Endoderm

Back 7

The digestive organs and intestines.

Front 8

Mesoderm

Back 8

The skeleton and muscle system.

Front 9

Cephalization

Back 9

The evolution of a definite head and brain area.

Front 10

Acoelomates

Back 10

Organisms with no body cavities.

Front 11

Psuedocoelomates

Back 11

Organisms with a false body cavity called a pseudocoel between the mesoderm and endotherm.

Front 12

Coelomates

Back 12

Organisms which have a fluid filled body cavity entirely within the mesoderm called a coelon.

Front 13

Blastula

Back 13

During embryonic development, bilaterally symmetrical organisms form a ball of cells.

Front 14

Spiral Cleavage

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New cells bud off at an angle oblique to the polar axis (protostones).

Front 15

Radial Cleavage

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New cells divide parallel to and at right angles to the polar axis (deuterostones).

Front 16

Determinate Development

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Each embryonic cell has a predetermined fate concerning what type of tissue it will become (protostones).

Front 17

Indeterminate Development

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Any of the first few embryonic cells develop into the organism (deuterostones).

Front 18

Choanocytes

Back 18

Specialized flagellated cells facing the interior cavity of the sponge.

Front 19

Amoebocytes

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Secrete hard mineral needles called spicules.

Front 20

Spicules

Back 20

Needles that help strengthen and protect the sponge.

Front 21

Osculum

Back 21

A specialized larger pore through which water flows out.

Front 22

Planula

Back 22

Free swimming, multicellular ciliated larvae that cnidarians give rise to.

Front 23

Cnidocytes

Back 23

Specialized cells on tentacles and tissue of Cnidarians which contain nematocysts.

Front 24

Nematocysts

Back 24

Small threadlike tubes with barbed spines on them, used for catching prey.

Front 25

Polyps

Back 25

Organisms that are cylindrical, usually attached to a firm, and can be solitary or colonial (anenomies, corals).

Front 26

Medusae

Back 26

Organisms that are umbrella-shaped, mostly free floating with tentacles hanging down (jellyfish).

Front 27

Visceral Mass

Back 27

The area where the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs are concentrated.

Front 28

Foot

Back 28

Muscular organ used for locomotion, attachment, and food capture. (In some cephalopods, it is modified into tentacles).

Front 29

Mantle

Back 29

The soft, outermost layer of the body wall that secretes the shell.

Front 30

Gills

Back 30

A system of filamentous projections rich in blood vessels that increase surface area for gas exchange.

Front 31

Radula

Back 31

A rasping, tongue-like organ used for feeding.

Front 32

Torsion

Back 32

A process that occurs during embryonic development in gastropods, where the mantle cavity and anus move to the front of the body where the mouth is located. It is caused by dis-appropriate muscle growth.

Front 33

Siphon

Back 33

Bivavles usually have 2, an in-current and ex-current one to bring water into and out of the organism.

Front 34

Spiracle

Back 34

Arthropod respiration system through holes in the exoskeleton.

Front 35

Malpighian Tubules

Back 35

Projections from the digestive tract that allow secretion that can be eliminated.

Front 36

Cherlica

Back 36

Fangs/pincers of arthropods.

Front 37

Book lungs

Back 37

Respiratory plates in spiders used for breathing.

Front 38

Pedipalps

Back 38

Arthropod part that can be used as pincers or copulatory organs.

Front 39

Tube feet

Back 39

Part of the watervascular system extended through the pores in the endoskeleton used for movement and feeding.

Front 40

Madreporite

Back 40

Sieve-like plate on the surface through which water enters the watervascular system.

Front 41

Chordates

Back 41

Deuterosome coelomates that have a notochord, jointed apendages, and segmentation.

Front 42

Endostyle

Back 42

A ciliated groove or pair of grooves in the pharynx of various lower chordates.

Front 43

Tunicate

Back 43

Marine choradates, as adults are mostly sessile, with no major cavity or visible segmentation.

Front 44

Lancelets

Back 44

Scaleless fishlike marine chordates with a notochord running throughout the entire length of the dorsal nerve chord which they have their entire lives.

Front 45

Swim bladder

Back 45

A gas-filled sac that allows them to regulate their buoyancy- which saves energy.

Front 46

Lateral line system

Back 46

A series of sensory organs with cilia embedded in them-that project into a canal beneath the surface of the skin. They can detect changes in swim rate, motion, or motionless objects in the water.

Front 47

Operculum

Back 47

A hard plate covering the gills. This can open and close, which allows the fish to pump water over its fills while staying still in the water.

Front 48

Amphibian

Back 48

Frogs, salamanders, and caephilians.

Front 49

Yolk sac

Back 49

Part of an Amniotic egg, which provides food from the yolk to the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut.

Front 50

Amnion

Back 50

Part of an Amniotic egg, which encases the developing embryo within a fluid-filled cavity.

Front 51

Allantois

Back 51

Part of an Amniotic egg, which surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are secreted.

Front 52

Chorion

Back 52

Part of an Amniotic egg, which is the outermost membrane lying just beneath the porous shell.

Front 53

Endotherm

Back 53

Organisms that generate heat internally.

Front 54

Ectotherm

Back 54

Organisms that acquire heat externally.

Front 55

Poiklotherm

Back 55

Organisms that cannot regulate internal temperatures except for behaviorally.

Front 56

Homeotherm

Back 56

Organisms that have constant body temperature.

Front 57

Carapace

Back 57

Dorsal part of the shell.

Front 58

Plastron

Back 58

Ventral part of the shell.

Front 59

Dermal Denticles

Back 59

Toothlike outgrowths on shark skin to reduce drag even further as well as create less sound while swimming.

Front 60

Thermoregulators

Back 60

Animals that maintain an internal temperature in a certain range.

Front 61

Osmoregulators

Back 61

Animals that maintain a constant solute concentration through water balance and control.

Front 62

Conformer

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Animals that allow their internal condition to conform to external changes.

Front 63

Set point

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A particular value in which homeostasis tries to remain at.

Front 64

Stimulus

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A fluctuation in the variable above or below the set point.

Front 65

Sensor

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Detects the stimulus and triggers a response to regulate the internal condition.

Front 66

Regulated change

Back 66

Essential body functions, like having a lower body temperature when sleeping.

Front 67

Acclimatization.

Back 67

The process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment, like producing more red blood cells at higher elevation.

Front 68

Pharynx

Back 68

Common passageway of the oral and nasal cavities.

Front 69

Esophagus

Back 69

Muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach.

Front 70

Stomach

Back 70

Organ where preliminary digestion occurs.

Front 71

Small Intestine

Back 71

Tubes where enzymes continue the digestive process and the products are absorbed.

Front 72

Large Intestine

Back 72

Tubes where the remaining water and minerals are absorbed.

Front 73

Liver

Back 73

Organ that produces bile, which breaks down fat.

Front 74

Gall bladder

Back 74

Organ that stores bile.

Front 75

Pancreas

Back 75

Organ that produces pancreatic juice, which has enzyme and buffers, and insulin.

Front 76

Ulcer

Back 76

Excessive amounts of acidic chyme are placed in the duodenum where pancreatic juice cannot neutralize it.

Front 77

Essential Nutrients

Back 77

Nutrients that must be ingested because the body cannot manufacture them or make a sufficient amount of them.

Front 78

Hemolymph

Back 78

Mixed circulatory fluid with extracellular fluid.

Front 79

Countercurrent heat exchange

Back 79

Vessels carrying warm blood from the interior pass next to blood vessels carrying cooler blood from the body's surface.

Front 80

Plasma

Back 80

Pale yellow fluid that is 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other (ions, nutrients, etc).

Front 81

Red Blood Cells

Back 81

95% of the formed elements.

Front 82

White Blood Cells

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(Leukocytes) Spherical cells that are whitish in color and use blood to get to target issues.

Front 83

Platelet

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Minute fragments of cells produced in marrow by megakaryocytes.

Front 84

Artery

Back 84

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Front 85

Capillary

Back 85

Thin walls to facilitate diffusion, which branch into networks.

Front 86

Veins

Back 86

Blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart, with thinner walls and less elastic tissue.

Front 87

Systolic pressure

Back 87

Occurs when ventricles contract, forcing blood into the arteries and pressure reaches a maximum.

Front 88

Diastolic pressure

Back 88

When the ventricles relax and blood pressure falls to a minimum.

Front 89

Countercurrent flow.

Back 89

Blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement.

Front 90

Ram ventilator

Back 90

Fish that have to swim to force water over their gills and are called ram ventilators.

Front 91

Tidal volume

Back 91

Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath.

Front 92

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Back 92

Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after a resting inspiration.

Front 93

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 93

Amount of air that can be expired after a resting expiration.

Front 94

Residual Volume

Back 94

Volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration.