Bio 111-Ch.1 Sec.5

Front 1

Components of the Plasma Membrane (4)

Back 1

I. Phopholipid bilayer
II. Proteins
III. Carbohydrates
IV. Cholesterol (animals)

Front 2

What is the name of the layers of the phospholipid bilayer called?

Back 2

Leaflets

Front 3

What is the outward leaflet called?

Back 3

Exoplasmic leaflet

Front 4

What is the inward leaflet called?

Back 4

Cytoplasmic leaflet

Front 5

What are the functions of the membrane proteins? (6)

Back 5

I. Transport proteins
II. Enzymes
III. Receptors
IV. Cell Adhesion Protein
V. Cell Surface markers
VI. Cytoskeleton attachment site

Front 6

What do the Cell Surface markers do for the cell?

Back 6

A. Identify Cell Types (cell recognition)
B. Self vs. Non-self (white blood cells)

Front 7

What was the function of the membrane carbohydrates? (3)

Back 7

I. Cell recognition
II. Cell coat (glycocalyx)
-protects from harsh environments (stomach) and mechanical abrasions (mouth)
III. Determines ABO blood types

Front 8

What were the 3 movements of the membrane lipids?

Back 8

I. Lateral Diffusion
II. Flexion
III. Flip Flop

Front 9

Why are Flip Flops needed?

Back 9

Lipids are only added to the cytoplasmic leaflet and flip flops are needed to get the lipids exoplasmic leaflet

Front 10

What influences membrane fluidity? (3)

Back 10

I. Temperature
II. Saturated vs Unsaturated
III. Cholesterol (animals)

Front 11

How does temperature affect fluidity?

Back 11

Higher temp - increased fluidity

Front 12

How does saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid tails affect fluidity?

Back 12

More saturated - decreased fluidity

Front 13

How does cholesterol affect the fluidity?

Back 13

More cholesterol - decreased fluidity

Front 14

How does the membrane stay fluid at low temperatures? (4)

Back 14

I. Desaturation
II. Reshuffling
III. Alter phospholipid synthesis
IV. Increased cholesterol content (animals)

Front 15

How does desaturation help fluidity?

Back 15

Creates double bonds to increase fluidity

Front 16

How does reshuffling help fluidity?

Back 16

Reshuffling the fatty acid tails so the bent tails are on the same polar head

Front 17

How does altering the phospholipid synthesis help fluidity?

Back 17

Favors synthesis of unsaturated phospholipids

Front 18

How does the cholesterol help fluidity?

Back 18

Increase cholesterol content seen in hibernating animals

Front 19

Two forms of bulk transport

Back 19

I. Endocytosis
II. Exocytosis

Front 20

What's the general mechanism of endocytosis?

Back 20

Involves invagination of the plasma membrane which removes a portion of the membrane

Front 21

What are the three forms of endocytosis?

Back 21

I. Phagocytosis
II. Pinocytosis
III.Receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 22

What does Pinocytosis do?

Back 22

Ingests liquids and dissolved substances

Front 23

What does Phagocytosis do?

Back 23

Ingests large matter

Front 24

What does receptor mediated endocytosis do?

Back 24

Ingests specific substances by target molecules attaching to receptors an the pit folding in on itself

Front 25

Define exocytosis

Back 25

Excretion of substances

Front 26

What's the general mechanism of exocytosis?

Back 26

secretory vesicles merge with membrane and release materials out of the cell

Front 27

How does selective transport occur? (2)

Back 27

I. Directly through membrane
II. Through transport proteins

Front 28

What molecules can pass directly through the membrane?

Back 28

-Very small
-Small uncharged and polar molecules

Front 29

What molecules can't pass through the membrane?

Back 29

-Very large
-Ions

Front 30

Two types of membrane transport proteins

Back 30

I. Channel protein
II. Carrier protein

Front 31

What are the properties of membrane transport proteins? (3)

Back 31

I. Selective
II. Mostly Ion Channels
III. Gates regulate amount

Front 32

What's the general mechanism of carrier proteins?

Back 32

Changes shape to allow molecules through

Front 33

What are three types of carrier proteins?

Back 33

I. Uniport
II. Symport
III. Antiport

Front 34

Define Uniport

Back 34

Transports one substance in one direction

Front 35

Define symport

Back 35

2 substances in one direction

Front 36

Define antiport

Back 36

2 substances in opposite directions

Front 37

What group is symport and antiport a part of?

Back 37

Coupled transport

Front 38

Define ATP

Back 38

energy source

Front 39

Define ATPase

Back 39

enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP which releases energy

Front 40

What are the steps for Na+/K+ ATPase?

Back 40

1. 3 Na+ bind
2. ATP binds
3. ATP hydrolysis
4. Shape change and release of Na+
5. Potassium binds
6. Dephosphorylation
7. Release 2 K+

Front 41

What are the 3 important things of ATPase cycle?

Back 41

I. Establishes Na+ gradient to drive active transport
II. Establishes membrane potential
III. Raises ion concentration and causes water to leave the cell

Front 42

Define osmosis

Back 42

diffusion of water across a selective membrane

Front 43

2 ways water diffuses through a membrane

Back 43

I. Directly through (limited)
II. Channel proteins (aquaporins)

Front 44

3 ways animal cells are affected by osmosis

Back 44

I. Hypertonic (shrivel cell)
II. Isotonic (normal cell)
III. Hypotonic (burst cell)

Front 45

Why don't Hypotonic enviroments affect plants?

Back 45

Cell wall prevents excessive uptake of water

Front 46

How does a hypertonic enviroment affect plants?

Back 46

Causes central vacuole to pull away from the cell wall

Front 47

Define osmoregulation

Back 47

control of water balance

Front 48

3 ways to counter excessive water uptake

Back 48

I. Live in isotonic environment
II. Bathe cell in isotonic fluid (blood)
III. Special adaptions

Front 49

What are 3 special adaptions?

Back 49

I. Less permeable plasma membrane
II. Contractile vacuole that stores water and discharges it outside the cell when full