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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cellular respiration
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Glucose breakdown
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Aerobic respiration
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Oxygen is used
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Fermentation (anaerobic)
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Without oxygen
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Redox
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Redox Reactions
oxidation & reduction coupled |
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Oxidation
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Redox Reactions
loss of electrons (loss of H atoms) |
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Reduction
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Redox Reactions
gain of electrons (gain of H atoms |
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Redox Coupling:
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Cell Respiration
Glucose oxidized, O2 reduced |
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Energy Coupling:
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Cell Respiration
Glucose breakdown, exergonic ATP production, endergonic |
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Coenzymes
NAD+ & FAD |
– electron carriers Pick up e- (reduced) in earlier steps,
drop off e- (oxidized) at the ETC |
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Electron Transport Chain
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Membrane proteins
Pass e- from protein to protein Energy released Produces ATP ETC creates H+ gradient aka proton gradient Gradient used to produce ATP |
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ATP Synthesis
Substrate-level ATP Synthesis |
Glycolysis & Citric acid cycle
Enzyme binds substrates & builds ATP |
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ATP Synthesis
Oxidative ATP Synthesis |
Electron Transport Chain
Redox reactions are used for ATP production |
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Aerobic
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Aerobic pathways
Require oxygen Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm End in mitochondria |
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Anaerobic
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Anaerobic pathways
Do not require oxygen Start with glycolysis in cytoplasm End in cytoplasm |
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Overview of Phases
Glycolysis |
Glucose (6C) -------------->Pyruvate (3C)
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Overview of Phases
Pyruvate Oxidation (prep reaction) |
Pyruvate (3C)-------> Acetyl group (2C) + CO2
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Overview of Phases
Citric acid cycle |
Acetyl CoA (2C) -----------> 2 CO2
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Overview of Phases
Electron transport chain |
NADH + FADH2 release e-
ATP synthesis |
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Glycolysis
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Always 1st step!
Location: Cytoplasm Glucose ----->pyruvate Energy: Spend 2 ATP Gain 4 ATP Electron carriers: Gain 2 NADH |
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Energy-Investment
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Spend energy to make energy!
Spend 2 ATP Phosphorylate 2x |
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Energy-Harvesting Steps
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Oxidation builds 2 NADH
Substrate level ATP synthesis – 2 ATP Substrate level ATP synthesis – 2 ATP End products: 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ATP (net) |
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Glycolysis Summary
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Inputs: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+
Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH |
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After Glycolysis
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Depends on oxygen (O2)
With O2: Aerobic Respiration pathway (mitochondrion) No O2: Fermentation (anaerobic) pathway (cytoplasm) |
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With O2: In the Mitochondrion
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3 Reactions: Pyruvate Oxidation (prep reaction) Mito matrix
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Mito matrix Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Mito inner membrane |
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Pyruvate Oxidation
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Location: Mitochondrial Matrix
2 Pyruvate oxidized to 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 CO2 2 NADH gained |
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Citric Acid Cycle
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Location: Mitochondrial Matrix
1 Turn of cycle: (2 per glucose) C2 (acetyl group) + C4 (oxaloacetate) C6 (citric acid) C6 oxidized 2x, produces 2 NADH & 2 CO2 Substrate-level ATP Synthesis – 1 AT C4 oxidized 2x, produces 1 FADH2 & 1 NADH Also produces oxaloacetate (C4) |
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Citric Acid Cycle Summary
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Per 1 GlucoseInputs: 2 Acetyl groups ,2 ADP, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD
Outputs: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
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ETC Components
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Cytochromes:
Membrane proteins Contain a heme group Receive & release e- Oxygen (O2) Final e- acceptor 2 H+ + ½ O2 -----> H2O |
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ETC Steps
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Location: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane
NADH + FADH2 drop off e-’s (oxidized) Redox reactions as e- moves protein to protein During reactions, proteins move H+ across membrane H+ gradient build up in Intermembrane space H+ flow down gradient through ATP Synthase ATP built with energy from H+ flow |
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H+ Gradient
Proton-motive force |
H+ gradient pushes H+ back toward matrix
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H+ Gradient
Chemiosmosis |
Flow of H+ down gradient for ATP production
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H+ Gradient
ATP Synthase |
Protein complex
Channel for H+ Produces ATP |
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ETC Summary
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Inputs: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 26-28 ADP
Outputs: 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, 26-28 ATP |
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ATP Yield
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Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP ETC: 2.5 ATP per NADH 1.5 ATP per FADH2 |
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Cell Efficiency
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Glucose
30-32 ATP per glucose About 34% of energy from glucose Compare Cars only up to 25% efficient |
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Fermentation
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Anaerobic – without oxygen
1st: Glycolysis, glucose ---> pyruvate 2nd: Pyruvate reduced to Ethanol & CO2 (plants & fungi) Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid (animals) Lactic acid fermentation |
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Fermentation Summary
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Inputs: Glucose 2 ADP
Outputs: 2 lactate or 2 alcohol + CO2 2 ATP Very inefficient! |
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Metabolic Pool
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Pool of organics available in body
Liver can convert (ex. carb --> lipid) Aerobic respiration can break it down |
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Catabolism
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Exergonic molecule breakdown
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Anabolism
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Endergonic molecule synthesis
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Catabolism
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Fats:
Glycerol enters glycolysis Fatty acids converted to acetyl-CoA (beta oxidation) |
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Catabolism
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Proteins:
Deamination – amino group removed Amino acid carbons converted to acetyl-CoA R group varies |
