Bio 11 - Unit 3: Porifera & Cnidaria

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Phylum "Porifera"

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The Sponges.

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Major evolutionary milestone of Proifera

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multicellularity

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Porifera means . . .

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"Pore Bearers" - body covered in tiny openings

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General Characteristics of Proifera

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-most primitive animal
-water flow provides oxygen, food + waste removal
-all cells can respond to stimulus
-no nervous system
-some specialized cells: NO tissues or organs
-Mostly marine, some freshwater
-Sessile as adults
-Asymmetrical body shape or some radial

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General structure of Proifera

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Wall around a central cavity, like flower vase (with holes)

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"layers" of Proiferaq

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Two germ layers
-Endosperm: inside layer made of collarcells (chanocytes)
-Ectoderm: containing epidermal cells + pore cells
Mesoglea: separates two skin layers: jelly-like

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Mesoglea

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Jelly-like layer that separates the two skin layers: Endosperm (inside) + Ectoderm (outermost) in both Proifera + Cnidaria

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Epidermal cells

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cover the outside of sponge

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Pore cells

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allow water in sponge

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Collar cells

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Move and filter water (in sponge)

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Amoeboid cells

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-move around, carry food, and create spicules
-only part that can move!

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Spicules

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-glass like
-support cell layers of sponge
-provide structural support and deter predators
-sponges identified by spicule shape

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Osculum

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-large exit hole at top of sponge
-outgoing water

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Cell types of Proifera (sponges)

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-Epidermal cells
-Pore cells
-collar cells
-amoeboid cells
-spicules
-osculum
-egg and sperm cells

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Water flow in proifera

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-water enters through openings of pore cells
-pulled inside by incurrent created by flagella of collar cells (line internal cavity)
-water exits through osculum

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Filter feeding in profiera

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-flagella in collar cells move water through sponge
-collar cells trap food and digest most of it
-Amoebocyte digest some food + move nutrients to non-feeding cells (like red blood cells)

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Amoebocyte (proifera)

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digest some food and move nutrients to non-feeding cells

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How do Proifera (sponges) reproduce?

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-Sexually: Hermaphroditic
-Asexually: Budding or branching, Capsules

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Sexual reproduction: Hermaphroditic (proifera)

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-eggs and sperm on same sponge
-release gametes (sex cells) at diff times to prevent self-fertilization
-eggs hatch into free-swimming larvae
-larvae attaches to substrate + undergoes metamorphis into sessile adult sponge

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Asexual reproduction (proifera)

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-Budding/branching: offspring grows off side of parent
-Capsules: called gemmules asexually reproduced mass of cells, that is capable of developing into a new organism (can be dried or frozen during unfavorable conditions)

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Respiration of Proifera

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-O2 diffuses from H2O into cells
-CO2 diffuses from the cells to the H2O

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Locomotion of Proifera (sponges)

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-sessile adults attached to substrate
-larvae free floating

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6 Ecological roles of sponges?

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Shelter + camouflage, symbiotic relationships, ocean cleaners, food source, use in fight against disease, human use (economic)

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Phylum "Cnidaria"

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Jellyfish, sea anemones, Man-O-Wars, Coral, Hydra

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Major evolutionary milestone of Cnidaria

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tissues (not found in sponges)

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General characteristics of Cnidaria

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-all aquatic; mostly marine, but few freshwater
-simple organization of specialized nerve, muscle + digestive tissues, but NO organs
-SOME both sessile + free-swimming body stages
-Radially symmetrical
- two types: Polyp + Medusa
-One opening serves as mouth + anus
-Reproduces asexually (budding), or sexually (alt. of generation)
-Name comes from stinging cnidocyte cells

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General structure of Cnidaria

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-central digestive gut w/ only 1 opening surrounded by tentacles + stinging cells
-radial symmetry with tentacles

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Germ layers of Cnidaria

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-Endosperm: inside layer
-Ectoderm: contains epidermal cells w/ cilia + flagella that can move water
-Mesoglea: seperates 2 layers; NOT cell layer (jelly-like)

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Two forms of Cnidaria

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Polyp
Medusa

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Polyp form (Cnidaria)

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-tube-like body
-mouth + arms point up
-sessile, attached at base
-feeding phase

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Medusa form (Cnidaria)

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-Bell/umbrella shaped body
-mouth + anus point down
-free swimming (motile)
-Reproductive phase (many hermaphroditic)

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Polymorphic (Cnidaria)

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Some species of Cnidaria that undergo both forms (Polyp + Medusa) in a life time
Ex. Mesuda dom stage: jellyfish, man-o-war

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Tissue types (Cnidaria)

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-Primitive nervous system
-Primitive muscular system
-Primitive gastrovascular system

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Primitive nervous system (Cnidaria)

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-made of nerve nets + sensory receptors (no brain/centralization).
-allows for comm. b/w cells + directional movement

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Primitive muscular system (Cnidaria)

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-epidermal cells can contract to allow for movement

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Primitive gastrovascular system

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-job as a digestive + circulatory system
-single opening "mouth" into gastrovascular cavity
-mouth + anus same hole
-"Mouth" lined with tentacles + cindocytes

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Cindocytes (Cnidaria)

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stinging CELLS with coiled harpoons called nematocysts inside

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Nematocysts

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-contained within Cindocytes.
-can be shot out and stick in a predator or prey
-often contain poison that can paralyze prey if shot with enough of them
Ex. Jellyfish

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How do Cnidaria feed?

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-capture food w/ Cnidocytes
-Nematocyst inside Cnidocyte sticks into prey
-Food digested in sac-like gut that opens + closes with muscles: can capture larger prey than sponges

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Reproduction of Cnidaria

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-Alternation of Generation (asexual + sexual)
-Cysts (sexual)
-Budding (asexual)
-Fragmentation (asexual)
-colonies

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Alternation of Generation reproduction (Cnidaria)

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-free swimming + polyp stage
-Sexual: gametes (egg/sperm) released into water for external fertilization.
-Asexual: larva attaches to substrate + divides to form colony

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Cyst reproduction (Cnidaria)

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-sexual reproduction during unfavorable condit.
-fertilized egg enclosed by protective case (cyst), drops off parent; stays dormant until conditions improve
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Budding reproduction (Cnidaria)

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new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud on another one due to cell division at one particular site.

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Colonies (Cnidaria reproduction)

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Some cnidaria form colonies where some polyps specialize...
-feeding polyps
-reproductive polyps
-others for defense

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Movement of Cnidaria

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-muscle + nerve fibers present
-therefore capable of directional movement
-body can contract or extend

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Ecology of Cnidaria

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Habitat, symbiotic relationships, food, land protection, coral reefs at risk