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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Digestive System Functions
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• Break Down Food
• Absorption • Excretion |
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What are the major organs of digestion?
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i. Mouth
1) Physical: teeth, tongue, hard palate 2) Chemical: saliva (salivary amylase)-->starch digestion; h2o for hy ii. Pharynx (not confused w/ larynx) 1) Crossover organ for food and air iii. Esophagus 1) Peristalsis-wavelike muscle contraction 2) Lower esophageal valve (end of esophagus) iv. Stomach 1) Physical: mixing, churning of food 2) Chemical: HCL (acid), enzymes, (pepsin: protein digestion) a) Pyloric valve v. Small intestine 1) Major site of absorption (carbs, triglycerides, protein) a) Duodenum- i) first part of S.I. ii) Many ducts b) Jejunum- i) Absorption ii) Convoluted inner wall iii) Villi, micro villi c) Illium i) Absorption-leads to large intestine vi. Large Intestine (colon)--> (vitamins, minerals, water) 1) Essential vitamins-diet 2) Non essential- can make on our own vii. Liver- 1) lipases produced and secrete 2) Bile-produces emulsifier viii. Gallbladder-stores bile temporarily ix. Pancreas 1) pancreatic amylase (digests carbs) 2) Bicarbonate ions (neutralize acid from stomach) |
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Mouth
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Physical: teeth, tongue, hard palate
Chemical: saliva (salivary amylase)-->starch digestion; h2o for hy |
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Pharynx
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Crossover organ for food and air
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Esophagus
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Peristalsis-wavelike muscle contraction
Lower esophageal valve (end of esophagus) |
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Stomach
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Physical: mixing, churning of food
Chemical: HCL (acid), enzymes, (pepsin: protein digestion) Pyloric valve |
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Small intestine
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1) Major site of absorption (carbs, triglycerides, protein)
a) Duodenum- i) first part of S.I. ii) Many ducts b) Jejunum- i) Absorption ii) Convoluted inner wall iii) Villi, micro villi c) Illium i) Absorption-leads to large intestine **Dow Jones Industry |
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Large Intestine (colon)
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(vitamins, minerals, water)
1) Essential vitamins-diet 2) Non essential- can make on our own |
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Liver
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1) lipases produced and secrete
2) Bile-produces emulsifier |
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Gallbladder
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stores bile temporarily
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Pancreas
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1) pancreatic amylase (digests carbs)
2) Bicarbonate ions (neutralize acid from stomach) |
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How do the liver and pancreas help?
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Liver- detoxifies what we add to the bloodstream,
Pancreas-secretes hormones and digestive enzymes |
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Know the important enzymes that breakdown the 3 energy-yielding nutrients and where this occurs:
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1. Amylase--->carbs (mouth)
2. pepcin --->proteins (stomach) 3.Lipase--->fats (duodenum) |
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What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine?
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Produces vit B and K
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Urinary System Functions
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1. Blood filtration (cleaning blood)
2. Urine production (excrete liquid metobolic waste) 3. Homeostastis (balancing water in blood) |
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What are the major organs of the urinary system?
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1. 2 Kidneys (majority of activity happens)
2. Ureters (right/left for each kidney--similar to esphagus-Peristalsis-wavelike muscle contraction 3. Bladder (sensory recepters to brain) 4. Urethra (expells liquid waste) |
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What is the functional unit called?
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Nephron (millions of these)
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Where in the nephron does filtration take place?
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glomerulus (renal corpuscle)
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Where in the nephron does reabsorption take place?
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Pertubular capillaries
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Where in the nephron does secretion take place?
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Distal convoluted tublule
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What are the mechanisms for each?
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Filteration and reabsorption-diffussion
Secretion-active transport |
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Blood and the Cardiovascular System Functions:
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1. Distribution of nutrients (oxygen, glucose)-removal of wastes from metrobolically active tissues
2. Temp regulation 3. Immune response 4. pH regulation |
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What are the majors organs/components of the cardiovascular system?
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• Blood
• Blood vessels • Heart |
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What components make up blood?
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• Red blood cells-O2/CO2 transport
• White blood cells-immune response • Platelets-cell fragments-clotting • Plasma (mostly water) |
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What are some properties of red blood cells that make them efficient for nutrient transport?
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Bi concave disk shape
No nucleolus Binding capacity More surface area 120 day lifespan |
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List some characteristics of white blood cells.
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Life span-few hours or days
Variable-depends on what they are fighting Have a nucleus |
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What does the plasma portion of blood consist of?
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Water, ions, protein
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Veins
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○ Move blood to heart
○ Less pressure/need help ○ Has valves to prevent back flow/one direction ○ In lower extremeties the muscles contract and push against veins/need skeletal M for journey to heart ○ Thin, smooth M layer ○ Wider diameter |
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Arteries
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○ Moves blood away from heart
○ Thick, smooth M layer ○ Higher hydrostatic pressure |
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Capillaries
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○ One layer of single squamous cells
Exchange nutrients (o2) and waste (C02) |
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What are the 2 major circuits blood travels through?
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pulmonary circuit-blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary arteries, goes to the lungs, and returns to the heart through the pulmonary veins. (TO THE LUNGS)
systemic circuit-blood leaves the heart through the aorta, goes to all the organs of the body through the systemic arteries, and then returns to the heart through the systemic veins. (TO THE TISSUES) |
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Where is blood pressure highest?
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Coming from left ventricle to aorta-artery
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Where is blood pressure lowest?
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Vena cava
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Define pulse:
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Thobbing of arteries during circulation
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How is blood moved through veins?
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1. Relies on skeleton muscular contractions,
2. respiratory movements, 3. valves |
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Diastole
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relaxation of heart
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Systole
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contraction of the heart (force the remaining atrial blood into the ventricles)
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Name and describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system
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1. Nasal cavity-help warm and humidify air
2. Nostril pharynx-cross over organ (throat section) 3. Epiglottis-thin flat o f tissue that covers the trachea while we swallow 4. Larynx-voice box 5. Trachea-wind pipe, white rings is cartilage 6. Bronchus-branch off into lungs 7. Brochiole-branch of bronchus 8. Lungs-3 lobes right side, 2 lobes left side 9. Aveoli-sacks in lungs-gas exchange surrounded by capillary networks |
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Describe the four components of respiration and what happens in each.
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1. Breathing/ventilation
2. External respiration--gas exchange between the lungs and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries 3. Internal respiration-gas exchange between blood and tissue 4. Cellular Respiration |
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Describe what the major muscles for inspiration and expiration during breathing are.
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○ Inhalation/inspiration-draw air into thorasic cavity
§ Diaphragm contracts-moves downward towards abdominal cavity § Intercostal muscles contract (between ribs/ribcage)-moves up and outward ○ Exhalation/expiration § Diaphragm relaxes-moves upwards away abdominal cavity § Intercostal muscles relax(between ribs/ribcage)-moves down and inward |
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Describe the difference between internal and external respiration.
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○ External respiration--gas exchange between the lungs and the surrounding pulmonary capillaries
Internal respiration-gas exchange between blood and tissue |
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Give the stages of cellular respiration and state the major reactants and products of each.
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• Glycolysis-->C6H1206--.>2 pyruvates
a) In cytosol b) Anaerobic (no O2) c) 2 ATPs produced • Transition Rxn a) In cytosol b) 2 pyruvates---.2 acetyl CoA5 • Krebs Cycle a) In matrix of mitrochrondrion matrix b) Site of oxidation-reduction rxns c) Aerobic (O2 present) d) Make NADH2 and FADH2 (electron carriers) (make CO2) e) ATP produced • Electron transport chain (most important step) a) Inner membrane b) Byproduct O2 (final e- arcepter) h2o c) 32-34 ATP For every glucose should be able to generate 36-38 atps |
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Nonspecific immune defense-
(immunity) |
the first line of defense
block the entry and spread of disease-causing agents |
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Specific immune defense
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tailored to an individual threat
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List some examples of non specific immune defenses (define and examples):
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• Physical barriers (ie, skin)-epidermis
• Mucous Membranes • Ciliated cells • Exocrine glands (salivary, sweat) • Histamines (increase permeability of capillaries) • Fever (speed immune reaction) • Interferon (LOOK UP IN BOOK FOR SPELLING) (protect neighboring cells from infection) • Complement Proteins i. Perforate bacterial cells Macrophages/phagocytes |
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What are the three major features of the specific immune defense system?
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○ High diversity -to combat high diversity of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists)
○ Distinguishing self from non-self ○ Immunological memory |
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Name two cell types of the specific immune defense and describe how each functions.
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made in red bone marrow--lymphocytes
○ T Cells - § important for direction of immune response --go after pathogens § Go to thymus to mature ○ B Cells § Producing antibodies Mature and made in red bone marrow |
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How does a virus reproduce itself in a host cell (give the stages).
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1. Attachment to host cell
§ Spikes adhere to membrane (receptors) 2. Penetration § Uncoating of protein capsid and entry of viral DNA 3. Replication § Viral DNA enters nucleus and becomes incorporated into host DNA § DNA---(TRANSCRIPTION)--->RNA-(TRASLSATION)--->PROTIENS 4. Biosynthesis § Protein synthesis (capsids) 5. Maturation § Viral development (DNA + capsid) 6. Release i. Exits host cells and attacks neighboring cells |
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Diagram and describe a motor neuron.
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Neuron-nerve cell that sends and receives electrical signals
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What are the functions of the different parts of the neuron?
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• Cell body
• Axon -long fibers extending from the brain cells neurons. They carry messages to other neurons. • Dendrite-tentacles that receive messages from other neurons. • Myelin sheath- The insulating envelope of myelin that surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses |
