Bio 11

Front 1

Biology

Back 1

Bio: life or living

Logy: the study of

Front 2

SMALLEST TO LARGEST Biosphere, biome, tissue, sub-atomic, individual, community, organelle, organ, ecosystem, population, organ-system, cell, molecule, atom

Back 2

sub-atomic, atom, molecule, organells, cells, tissue, organ, organ-systems, individuals, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biopsphere

Hint 2

greatest to smallest : bbecpiootcomas

Front 3

6 Requirements to be "living"

Back 3

1: ability to repair, reproduce, and grow

2: ability to create waste/gases

3: posses cells

4: react to stimuli/environment

5: have a life cycle

6: require energy

Front 4

6 themes of biology

Back 4

1: Ecology

2: Evolution

3: Unity/Diversity

4: Continuity

5: Homeostasis (energy)

6: Interactions

Hint 4

e e u/d c h i

Front 5

Define Scientific Method

Back 5

a tool used to answer complex questions in smaller steps

Front 6

Hypothesis and example

Back 6

An "if... then..." statement that is a testable prediction

if you microwave the water for a plant then it won't grow properly

Front 7

What is a control?

Back 7

what you compare your experiment to

Front 8

Independent variable

Back 8

the variable that is changed/different

Front 9

What is DNA?

Back 9

a molecule that comprises chromosomes, a double helixed complex made up of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate and nitrogenous bases)

Front 10

Main Functions of DNA

Back 10

1: ability to mutate

2: cell division/replication - mitosis and meiosis

3: protein production controls genotypes and phenotypes

Front 11

Structure of DNA

Back 11

polymer of nucleotides (S, P, NBs)

Front 12

monomers and polymers of DNA

Back 12

m = nucleotides

polymer is the dna

Front 13

how many NBs?

Back 13

4 ! ATCG

Front 14

how is DNA replicated?

Back 14

1) unzips - helicase breaks it

2) complimentary base pairs - new NBs from nucleus H bond w exposes bases on DNA strand

3) Joining of adjacent nucleotides - polymerase catalyses the Sugar-Phosphate backbone

Front 15

Draw a nucleotide

Back 15

Front 16

What are the complimentary base pairs for the DNA double helix?

Back 16

A = T and C ≡ G

Front 17

Why do cells duplicate?

Back 17

new cells are needed to grow, reproduce and repair

Front 18

Mutagen

Back 18

a physical/chemical agent tha can alter DNA (environmental factors)

ex: XRAYS

Hint 18

skeleton man

Front 19

Test to identify mutagens

Back 19

Ames Test

Front 20

Difference between germ and somatic cell mutations?

Back 20

Germ: affect the offspring

Somatic: affect the individual, passed on via mitosis

Front 21

Chromosome Mutations

Back 21

Deletion - whole chromosome is lost

Inversion - piece of chromosome is broken off and replaced in reverse orientation

Translocation - two pieces swap places

Nondisjunction - failure to separate during cell division

Front 22

Gene Mutations

Back 22

Point - a single nucleotide base change, insertion or deletion of the genetic material

Frame shift - insertion of a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by 3

Front 23

Species

Back 23

a group of individuals that look similar and can produce fertile offspring in their natural environment

Front 24

Hardy-Weinburg

Back 24

1) no natural selection

2) large population

3) no migration

4) random breeding

5) no mutation

Front 25

Darwin

Back 25

Natural selection, Galapagos island, finches, evolution

Front 26

MSC and BSC

Back 26

morphological species concept - if they look the same, they are the same

biological species concept - classified by ability to breed in nature, if they can interbreed = same species

Front 27

Bell curve

Back 27

majority is average with a few exceptions on the extremes

Front 28

Genetic equilibrium

Back 28

Disrupted if any of the Hardy-Weinburg principles are not met

Front 29

Types of Natural Selection

Back 29

Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive

Front 30

Genotype and Phenotype

Back 30

Genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype: the outwards appearance of an individual

Front 31

How does speciation occur?

Back 31

Isolated populations - geographical or reproductive

ex: earthquakes, lava, ponds, and when species stop interbreeding

Front 32

Divergent and Convergent evolution

Back 32

Divergent: 2 species diverging from the common ancestor becoming less and less like the original species

Convergent: when organisms develop similar characteristics when adapting to the environment

Front 33

Adaptive radiation

Back 33

a process in which organisms diversify rapidly into a multitude of new forms, when a change in environment makes resources available, creates new challenges or opens new niches

Front 34

co-evolution

Back 34

the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution

EX: bats w fuzzy faces, flowers that smell like fruit for pollen

Front 35

geographic isolation

Back 35

Front 36

2 models that shows evolutionary rate of change for natural selection?

Back 36

Gradual change, rapid change

Front 37

morphology

Back 37

the study of the forms of things, in particular

Front 38

gene pool

Back 38

the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population

Front 39

allele frequency

Back 39

it is the fraction of all chromosomes in the population that carry that allele

Front 40

hybrid

Back 40

the offspring of two plants/animals of different species or varieties

EX: mule (hybrid of donkey and horse)

Front 41

genetic drift

Back 41

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die/do not reproduce

Front 42

gene flow

Back 42

the transfer of alleles / genes from one population to another

immigration/ emigration

Front 43

punctuated equilibrium model

Back 43

the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little to no change