Chapters 1-6 Vocabulary

Front 1

Acid

Back 1

A substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Front 2

Active transport

Back 2

The ATP requiring movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

Front 3

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 3

A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy.

Form of energy used by cells.

Front 4

Aerobic respiration

Back 4

Cellular respiration that uses oxygen as the electron acceptor.

Front 5

Scientific Data

Back 5

Information based on one person’s personal experience.

Front 6

Atom

Back 6

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Front 7

Base

Back 7

A substance that reduces the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Front 8

Biology

Back 8

The study of living organisms.

Front 9

Calorie

Back 9

Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

A kilocalorie or 1,000 Calories.

Front 10

Carbohydrate

Back 10

Energy rich molecule that is the major source of energy for the cell.

Front 11

Cell

Back 11

Basic unit of life; an organism’s fundamental building block units.

Front 12

Citric Acid Cycle

Back 12

A chemical cycle occurring in the matrix of the mitochondria that breaks the remains of sugars down to produce carbon dioxide.

Front 13

Complementary Base Pairing

Back 13

Bases that pair with each other by hydrogen bonding across the DNA helix.

A rule governing the pairing of nitrogenous bases.

Front 14

Control

Back 14

Subject for an experiment who is similar to the experimental subject except is not exposed to the experimental treatment.

Front 15

Placebo

Back 15

Sham treatments in experiments.

Front 16

Correlation

Back 16

Describes the relationship between two factors.

Front 17

Causation

Back 17

The reason in which one factor affects/creates another.

Front 18

Dehydration

Back 18

The loss of water.

Front 19

Covalent Bond

Back 19

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons.

Front 20

Diffusion

Back 20

The spontaneous movement of substances from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration.

Front 21

DNA

Back 21

Molecule of heredity that stores the information required for making all the proteins required by the cell.

Front 22

RNA

Back 22

Information carrying molecule composed of nucleotides.

Front 23

Electron

Back 23

A negatively charged subatomic particle.

Front 24

Element

Back 24

A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance.

Front 25

Enzyme

Back 25

Protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions.

Front 26

Eukaryotic

Back 26

Cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles.

Front 27

Fluid mosaic

Back 27

The accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins ‘bobbing in a sea’ of phospholipids.

Front 28

Global Warming

Back 28

The increase in average temperatures as a result of the release of increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Front 29

Glycolysis

Back 29

The splitting of glucose into pyruvate, which helps drive the synthesis of small amounts of ATP.

Front 30

Greenhouse Effect

Back 30

The retention of heat in the atmosphere by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

Front 31

Homeostasis

Back 31

The steady state condition an organism works to maintain.

Front 32

Hydrogen bond

Back 32

A weak chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule.

Front 33

Hydrogen Ion

Back 33

The positively charged ion of hydrogen formed by the removal of the electron from the hydrogen atom.

Front 34

Hydrophilic

Back 34

Readily dissolving in water.

Front 35

Hydrophobic

Back 35

Unable to dissolve in water.

Front 36

Hypothesis

Back 36

Tentative explanation for an observation that requires testing to validate.

Front 37

Independent Variable

Back 37

A factor whose value influences the value of the dependent variable, but is not influenced by it.

Front 38

Dependent Variable

Back 38

The variable in a study that is expected to change in response to changes in the independent variable.

Front 39

Inductive Reasoning

Back 39

A logical process that argues from specific instances to a general conclusion.

Front 40

Deductive Reasoning

Back 40

Making a prediction about the outcome of a test. If/then statements.

Front 41

Ionic bond

Back 41

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

Front 42

Lipid

Back 42

Hydrophobic molecule (including fats, phospholipids, and steroids).

Front 43

Macromolecule

Back 43

Any of the large molecules including polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids, composed of subunits joined by dehydration synthesis.

Front 44

Macronutrient

Back 44

Nutrient required in large quantities.

Front 45

Metabolism

Back 45

All of the physical and chemical reactions that produce and use energy.

Front 46

Micronutrients

Back 46

Nutrient required in small quantities.

Front 47

Mineral

Back 47

Inorganic nutrient essential to many cell functions.

Front 48

Molecule

Back 48

To or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Front 49

Neutral

Back 49

Neither acidic nor basic.

Front 50

Neutron

Back 50

An electrically neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom.

Front 51

Non-polar

Back 51

Won’t dissolve in water, hydrophobic

Front 52

Nucleic acid

Back 52

Polymers of nucleotides that comprise of DNA and RNA.

Front 53

Nutrient

Back 53

Substances that provide nourishment.

Front 54

Osmosis

Back 54

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 55

pH

Back 55

A logarithmic measure of the hydrogen ion concentration ranging from 0-14.

Front 56

Phospholipid

Back 56

One of three types of lipids- a component of the cell membrane.

Front 57

Phosphorylation

Back 57

To introduce a phosphoryl group into an organic compound.

Front 58

Photosynthesis

Back 58

Process by which plants, along with algae and some bacteria, transform light energy into chemical energy.

Front 59

Polar

Back 59

Describes a molecule with regions having different charges.

Capable of ionizing.

Front 60

Prediction

Back 60

Results expected from a particular test of a hypothesis if the hypothesis were true.

Front 61

Prokaryotic

Back 61

Type of cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bounded organelles.

Front 62

Protein

Back 62

Cellular constituent made of amino acids coded for by genes.

Front 63

Cancer

Back 63

A disease that occurs when cell division escapes regulatory controls.

Front 64

Tumor

Back 64

A mass of tissue that has no apparent function in the body.

Front 65

Malignant

Back 65

A cancerous tumor whether it is invasive or metastatic.

Front 66

Tumor Suppressor

Back 66

Cellular protein that stops tumor formation by suppressing cell division.

Front 67

Cell Division

Back 67

The process a cell undergoes when it makes copies of itself.

Front 68

Checkpoint

Back 68

Stoppage during cell division that occurs to confirm said cell division is proceeding correctly.

Front 69

DNA Replication

Back 69

The synthesis of two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule.

Front 70

Gamete

Back 70

Specialized sex cell that contains half as many chromosomes as other body cells.

As a result is haploid.

Front 71

Gene

Back 71

Discrete unit of heritable information about genetic traits.

Front 72

Genes

Back 72

Contain a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide.

Front 73

Homologeous Pair

Back 73

A set of two chromosomes of the same size and shape with centromeres in the same position.

Front 74

Mitosis

Back 74

The division of the nucleus that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

Is also the portion of the cell in which DNA is apportioned into two daughter cells.

Front 75

Meiosis

Back 75

The process that diploid sex cells undergo in order to produce haploid daughter cells.

Occurs during gametogenesis.

Front 76

Sex Chromosomes

Back 76

Any of the sex-determining chromosomes.

ie. X and Y

Front 77

Alleles

Back 77

Alternative versions of the same genes.

Produced by mutations.

Front 78

Autosome

Back 78

Non-sex chromosome, of which there are 19 pairs in humans.

Front 79

Anecdotal Evidence

Back 79

Information based on another person’s personal experience.