Bio 1080 Exam #2 Study Guide

Front 1

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction:

Back 1

loses electrons and loses energy.

Front 2

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Back 2

C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced

Front 3

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

Back 3

oxidized

Front 4

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes

Back 4

reduced

Front 5

Which of the following statements describes NAD+

Back 5

NAD+ is reduced to NADH during both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

Front 6

Where does glycolysis takes place?

Back 6

cytosol

Front 7

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

Back 7

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 8

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Back 8

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Front 9

An electron loses potential energy when it

Back 9

shifts to a more electronegative atom

Front 10

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?

Back 10

They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen.

Front 11

Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?

Back 11

B

Front 12

Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?

Back 12

B

Front 13

Which step shows a split of one molecule into two smaller molecules?

Back 13

B

Front 14

which step is an inorganic phosphate added to the reactant?

Back 14

C

Front 15

In which reaction does an intermediate pathway become oxidized?

Back 15

C

Front 16

Which step consists of a phosphorylation reaction in which ATP is the phosphate source?

Back 16

A

Front 17

During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is

Back 17

retained in the pyruvate

Front 18

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

Back 18

NADH and pyruvate

Front 19

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the "net" products of glycolysis are

Back 19

2 NADH, 2 H+, 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 H2O

Front 20

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

Back 20

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced.

Front 21

How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?

Back 21

active transport

Front 22

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?

Back 22

acetyl CoA

Front 23

Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?

Back 23

ATP and NADPH

Front 24

any ecosystem, terrestrial or aquatic, what group(s) is (are) always necessary?

Back 24

autotrophs

Front 25

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following?

Back 25

splitting the water molecules

Front 26

Figure 10.1 shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why are they different?

Back 26

Other pigments absorb light in addition to chlorophyll a.

Front 27

In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the antenna pigment molecules?

Back 27

harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center chlorophyll

Front 28

The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because

Back 28

this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm.

Front 29

Which of the events listed below occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 29

light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a.

Front 30

Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?

Back 30

receiving electrons from plastocyanin

Front 31

Some photosynthetic organisms contain chloroplasts that lack photosystem II, yet are able to survive. The best way to detect the lack of photosystem II in these organisms would be

Back 31

to test for liberation of O2 in the light.

Front 32

What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?

Back 32

ATP and NADPH

Front 33

Produces NADH

Back 33

neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

Front 34

Produces NADPH

Back 34

light reactions alone

Front 35

Requires CO2

Back 35

the Calvin cycle alone

Front 36

If the carbon atom of the incoming CO2 molecule is labeled with a radioactive isotope of carbon, where will the radioactivity be measurable after one cycle?

Back 36

in E only

Front 37

Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?

Back 37

They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2.

Front 38

CAM plants keep stomata closed in daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they

Back 38

fix CO2 into organic acids during the night.

Front 39

Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthesis by preventing the formation of

Back 39

carbon dioxide molecules.

Front 40

What is a chromatid?

Back 40

a replicate chromosome

Front 41

The centromere is a region in which

Back 41

chromatids remain attached to one another until anaphase.

Front 42

If there are 20 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there?

Back 42

10

Front 43

How do the daughter cells at the end of mitosis and cytokinesis compare with their parent cell when it was in G1 of the cell cycle?

Back 43

The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes and the same amount of DNA.

Front 44

A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at its completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes?

Back 44

46

Front 45

If there are 20 centromeres in a cell at anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?

Back 45

20

Front 46

If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis?

Back 46

10

Front 47

In order for anaphase to begin, which of the following must occur?

Back 47

Cohesin must be cleaved enzymatically

Front 48

Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and can therefore be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides and introduced these into the culture of dividing human cells at specific times.
If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will

Back 48

complete the cycle and divide.

Front 49

Nucleotides can be radiolabeled before they are incorporated into newly forming DNA and can therefore be assayed to track their incorporation. In a set of experiments, a student-faculty research team used labeled T nucleotides and introduced these into the culture of dividing human cells at specific times.

Which of the following is released by platelets in the vicinity of an injury?

Back 49

PDGF

Front 50

Which is a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them?

Back 50

protein kinase

Front 51

Which of the following is a protein maintained at constant levels throughout the cell cycle that requires cyclin to become catalytically active?

Back 51

Cdk

Front 52

Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?

Back 52

MPF

Front 53

What is a karyotype?

Back 53

A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape

Front 54

The human X and Y chromosomes

Back 54

include genes that determine an individual's sex.

Front 55

Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 16?

Back 55

Each cell has 8 homologous pairs.

Front 56

A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. We can therefore conclude which of the following?

Back 56

Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes.

Front 57

Which of the following happens at the conclusion of meiosis I?

Back 57

Homologous chromosomes are separated.