Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the five general functions of the respiratory system?
|
The five general functions of this system are:
1. gas exchange 2. sound 3. release of heat from the body 4. sense of smell 5. pH regulation by controlling carbon dioxide level in blood |
|
|
What does GAS EXCHANGE refer to?
|
This term refers to the INTAKE OF OXYGEN and the RELEASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE.
|
|
|
What in the body consumes oxygen? As the final what?
|
CELLULAR RESPIRATION consumes this as the final electron acceptor from electron transport.
|
|
|
What cycles produce carbon dioxide?
|
Glycolysis and Kreb's cycle produce this.
|
|
|
What branches off the trachea?
|
Bronchial tree branches off this.
|
|
|
Between what two things are the bronchi?
|
This lies between the trachea and the alveoli.
|
|
|
What are the first two branching bronchi called?
|
These first two are called PRIMARY BRONCHI.
|
|
|
How many secondary bronchi are there? (right versus left)
|
Of these there are
2 left 3 right |
|
|
Where does each secondary bronchus go?
|
Each of these lead to a lobe of the lungs.
|
|
|
What do secondary bronchi give rise to?
|
These give rise to many bronchioles.
|
|
|
What bud from bronchioles?
|
Alveoli bud from these.
|
|
|
What do the walls of bronchioles contain? (2)
|
These contain:
1. no cartilage 2. smooth muscle that constricts in asthma |
|
|
What are alveoli?
|
These are microscopic sacs budding off from bronchioles.
|
|
|
What are alveoli made up of?
|
These microscopic sacs are made of SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM.
|
|
|
What are alveolar ducts?
...leading to what? |
These are small airways leading into clusters of alveoli.
|
|
|
What are the "bunch of grapes" in the lungs?
|
These bunches of grapes are alveoli and their alveolar ducts.
|
|
|
Where exactly does gas exchange take place?
|
This exchange takes place in the alveoili
|
|
|
What is each alveolus covered by?
|
Each of these is covered by a jacket of pulmonary capillaries.
|
|
|
What is the respiratory membrane involved with gas exchange? (2)
|
This is the fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium & capillary endothelium
|
|
|
What must O2 pass across to enter blood?
|
O2 must pass across the respiratory membrane to enter this?
|
|
|
What do alveoli contain which phagocytize particles that make it to the lungs?
|
Alveolar macrophages do this to particles that make it to the lungs.
|
|
|
What do cell in the alveoli secrete?
|
These secrete pulmonary surfactant.
|
|
|
Why do we need pulmonary surfactant?
|
We need this to lubricate so we can breathe.
|
|
|
In the ribs, what muscles are involved with normal breathing?
|
The external intercostals are involved with this.
|
|
|
What muscles contract during inspiration?
|
External intercostals are involved with this part of breathing.
|
|
|
What muscles contract during deep expiration?
|
Internal intercostals contract during this part of breathing.
|
|
|
What muscle is large smooth muscle involved with breathing?
|
The diaphragm is a large this type of muscle.
|
|
|
What shape is the diaphragm when contracted?
|
This muscle is less dome shaped when contracted.
|
|
|
What is another name for 'breathing mechanisms'?
|
Pulmonary ventilation is another name for this.
|
|
|
What are the two parts of pulmonary ventilation?
|
The two parts of this are:
1. inspiration 2. expiration |
|
|
Which part of pulmonary ventilation is a more passive process?
|
Expiration is a more passive process of this mechanism.
|
|
|
How long does normal inspiration take?
|
This part of breathing takes about 2 sec.
|
|
|
What is normal average atmospheric pressure?
|
This normal average is 760 mm Hg.
|
|
|
What direction does gas always flow?
|
This always flows from higher to lower pressure.
|
|
|
What muscles contract during INSPIRATION? (2)
|
DIAPHRAGM and EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS contract during this part of breathing.
|
|
|
What does the contracting of the DIAPHRAGM cause an increase in of the thoracic cavity?
|
The contracting of this muscle causes an increase in VOLUME of thoracic cavity.
|
|
|
Boyle's Law is what formula?
|
This law is P1V1=P2V2.
|
|
|
What happens when VOLUME increases according to Boyle's Law?
|
PRESSURE decreases when this increases in Boyle's Law.
|
|
|
How much does pressure decrease in the lungs in mm Hg?
|
This decreases by about 3 mm Hg.
|
|
|
What is the relative pressure of the lungs during inspiration?
How big is that pressure change? |
This is about 3 mm Hg.
It is a relatively large pressure change. |
|
|
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
|
This is the decrease in pressure in the alveoli.
|
|
|
What do surfactants in serous fluid help do?
|
These in serous fluid help to lower surface tension of the fluid.
|
|
|
Why is it very important for surfactants to lower surface tension around alveoli?
|
Lowering this keeps the alveoli from contracting.
|
|
|
What are the five steps leading to air entering the lungs and filling alveoli?
|
The five steps leaving to this are:
1. diaphragm contracts 2. increases volume 3. decreases pressure in thoracic cavity 4. decrease in pressure in lungs 5. decrease in pressure in alveoli |
|
|
How long does normal expiration take?
|
This part of breathing takes about 3 sec.
|
|
|
To what is normal expiration due? (3)
|
This process is due to:
1. elastic recoil of tissues 2. diaphragm relaxing 3. Surface tension causes alveoli to contract |
|
|
What happens when intrapulmonary pressure increases?
How much does it normally increase? |
Expiration occurs when intrapulmonary pressure does this.
It increases by about 3 mm Hg. |
|
|
What is the passive part of respiration?
|
Expiration is the passive part of this.
|
|
|
To what is expiration mostly due? (2)
|
Expiration is mostly due to relaxation and surface tension.
|
|
|
To what muscles are forced inspiration and expiration due?
|
This is due mainly to action of intercostal muscles.
|
|
|
What are external intercostals for in forced respiration?
|
These muscles cause forced inspiration.
|
|
|
What are internal intercostals for in forced respiration?
|
These muscles cause forced expiration.
|
|
|
What is TV?
How much is normal? |
Tidal volume is the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one normal breath.
~500 mL. |
|
|
What is RV?
How much is normal? |
Residual volume is the amount of air left in lungs after the hardest forced expiration.
~1300 mL |
|
|
Why do we need residual volume in our lungs?
|
This volume is needed so some air is always left in lungs so they don't collapse.
|
|
|
What is IRV?
How much is normal? |
Inspiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort.
~3000 mL. |
|
|
What is ERV?
How much is normal? |
Expiratory Reserve Volume is the amount of air in excess of tidal exspiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort.
~1200 mL. |
|
|
What is MRV?
How much is normal? |
Minute Respiratory Volume is the amount of air inhaled per minute.
~6000 mL/min |
|
|
What does MRV determine?
|
This volume determines alveolar ventilation rate.
|
|
|
What is the formula for MRV?
Example? |
this = TV x Respiratory rate
500 mL/breath x 12 breaths/min = 6000 mL/min |
|
|
How do you obtain a RESPIRATORY CAPACITY?
|
This is obtained by adding 2 or more respiratory volumes.
|
|
|
What is VC?
|
Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking the deepest breath possible.
|
|
|
What is the formula for VC?
About how much is it? |
= TV + IRV + ERV
~ 4700 mL |
|
|
What is VC used to assess? (2)
|
This is used to assess strength of muscles and pulmonary function.
|
|
|
What is IC?
|
Inspiratory Volume is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration.
|
|
|
What is the formula for IC?
About how much is it? |
= TV + IRV
~ 3500 mL |
|
|
What is FRC?
|
Functional Residual Capacity is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration.
|
|
|
What is the formula for FRC?
About how much is it? |
= RV + ERV
~ 2500 mL |
|
|
What is TLC?
|
Total Lung Capacity is the vital capacity plus residual capacity.
|
|
|
What is the formula for TLC?
About how much is it? |
= RV + VC
~ 6000 mL |
|
|
What are the two kinds of control of breathing?
|
The two kinds of this are
1. neural control 2. chemical control |
|
|
What system or levels does the neural control of breathing include?
|
This kind of control includes the nervous system.
|
|
|
What system or levels does the chemical control of breathing include?
|
This kind of control includes OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS and pH.
|
|
|
What are the two separate neural mechanisms?
|
The two separate mechanisms of this type of control are:
1. voluntary system 2. involuntary system |
|
|
Where does the voluntary system of neural control originate?
|
This system of neural control originates in the cerebral cortex.
|
|
|
When does the voluntary system of neural control happen?
|
This system of neural control controls breathing during eating and vocalizing.
|
|
|
What mechanism and system allows you to hold your breath and breathe deeply
|
The VOLUNTARY SYSTEM of the NEURAL MECHANISMS allow you to do this with your breath.
|
|
|
What can temporarily override the involuntary system of breathing control?
|
The VOLUNTARY SYSTEM can temporarily override this.
|
|
|
Where does the INVOLUNTARY SYSTEM of breathing control originate?
|
This system of the neural mechanism of breathing control originates in the MEDULLA and PONS.
|
|
|
According to what does involuntary system regulate respiration?
|
This regulates respiration according to the metabolic needs of the body.
|
|
|
What system and mechanism controls normal breathing?
|
The INVOLUNTARY SYSTEM of NEURAL MECHANISM controls this type of breathing.
|
|
|
What are the 3 MAJOR FACTORS involved in involuntary breathing?
|
1. Medullary rhythmicity centers
2. Pneumotaxic Center 3. Respiratory reflexes are the three major factors involved with this type of breathing. |
|
|
Where are the medullary rhythimicity centers?
|
These centers are in the medulla oblongata.
|
|
|
What sets the rhythm for inspiration and expiration?
|
MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTERS set the rhythm for these two things.
|
|
|
How long does inspiration usually take?
|
The part of respiration usually takes 2 seconds.
|
|
|
How lond does expiration usually take?
|
The part of respiration usually takes 3 seconds.
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of the MEDULLARY RHYTHMICITY CENTERS?
|
1. Dorsal respiratory group
2. Ventral respiratory group ...are the two parts to the these centers |
|
|
What center is the dorsal respiratory group?
|
This group is the INSPIRATORY CENTER.
|
|
|
Where are 'I neurons'?
|
These neurons are in the Dorsal respiratory group.
|
|
|
What type of neurons fire during inspiration?
|
I neurons fire during this part of breathing.
|
|
|
Where is the ventral respiratory group?
|
This group is in the ventral medulla.
|
|
|
Which Medullary Rhythmicity Center or Group is usually silent?
|
The VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP or EXPIRATORY CENTER is usually this.
|
|
|
What group is the expiratory center a part of?
|
This center is part of the ventral respiratory group.
|
|
|
What neurons surround what in the expiratory center?
|
In this center, E neurons surround I neurons.
|
|
|
When do E neurons function?
|
These neurons function only during forced expiration.
|
|
|
How do E neurons affect I neurons when they fire?
|
When these neurons fire, they inhibit I neurons.
|
|
|
Where do the fibers of E neurons travel?
|
Fibers of these neurons travel down the spinal cord.
|
|
|
Fibers of E neurons synapse with neurons in what nerve?
|
The fibers of these neurons synapse with neurons in the PHRENIC NERVE.
|
|
|
Where does the PHRENIC NERVE go after synapsing with the E neurons? (2)
|
This nerve goes to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
|
|
|
Where is the Pneumotaxic Center?
|
This center is in the Pons.
|
|
|
What center results in rapid, shallow breathing?
|
The PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER results in this type of breathing.
|
|
|
What does the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER constantly do?
|
This center constantly inhibits the dorsal respiratory center.
|
|
|
What happens as pneumotaxic center increases activity?
|
As the pneumotaxic center increases or decreases activity, you get faster, shallower breathing.
|
|
|
What happens when the pneumotaxic center decreases activity?
|
When the pneumotaxic center increases or decreases activity, you get slower deeper breathing.
|
|
|
What major factor involved in involuntary system of breathing control acts as homeostatic protection?
|
Respiratory reflexes act as this protection.
|
|
|
What are the two kinds of RESPIRATORY REFLEXES?
|
The two kinds of these are:
1. inflation reflex 2. joint reflex |
|
|
What's another name for the inflation reflex?
|
Hering-Breur reflex is another name for this reflex.
|
|
|
Where are the stretch receptors involved in the inflation reflex?
|
These receptors are in the smooth muscles of lungs.
|
|
|
What is stimulated when the lungs inflate?
|
The stretch receptors are stimulated when these inflate.
|
|
|
Where do the stretch receptors send impulses?
Why? |
These receptors send impulses to the MEDULLA INSPIRATORY CENTER to INHIBIT INSPIRATION.
|
|
|
When is the inflation reflex used and not used?
|
This reflex is used to keep lungs from overinflating during exercise and not used in normal breathing.
|
|
|
Where are the joint reflex receptors?
|
These receptors are in tendons around joints.
|
|
|
What reflexes increase respiration rate when you move around during exercise (i.e. when they're stimulated)?
|
Joint reflexes increase this rate when stimulated.
|
|
|
What reflexes does passive manipulation of bed ridden patients stimulate?
|
Joint reflexes are utilized with these kinds of patients.
|
|
|
What are the two places for chemical mechanisms?
|
1. in medulla
2. in carotid and aorta ... are two places of these mechanisms. |
|
|
Which chemical mechanism is sensitive to CO2?
|
The chemical mechanism is the medulla is sensitive to this compound.
|
|
|
When is the chem mech is the medulla used to regulate respiration?
|
The chem mech in medulla is used all the time to regulate this.
|
|
|
What are cells in medulla sensitive to in blood?
|
Cells in this are sensitive to pH.
|
|
|
When blood pH is low how does the medulla oblongata affect respiration rate?
|
When blood pH is low this increases respiration rate.
|
|
|
Why does respiratory rate increase when blood pH decreases? (4)
[this is a tough one] |
1. decrease respiration causes buildup of CO2 in blood
2. CO2 forms carbonic acid which releases H+ causing pH decrease 3. As respiratory rate increases, it blows off CO2 4. Decreases carbonic acid production and increases pH |
|
|
A higher pH causes respiration rate to do what?
|
Respiration rate decreases when pH is this.
|
|
|
A lower pH causes respiration rate to do what?
|
Respiration rate increases when pH is this.
|
|
|
Cells in the medulla oblongata are sensitive to what?
not what? |
Cells in this chemical mechanism are sensitive to H+ not CO2.
|
|
|
There are no receptors for what gas in the medulla?
|
Here there are no receptors for O2.
|
|
|
What are receptors sensitive to in the carotid arteries and the aorta?
|
In these two places, receptors are sensitive to low O2 levels in blood.
|
|
|
Where are receptors that send impulses to the medulla?
Why? |
Receptors in the carotid arteries and aorta send impulses there to stimulate breathing rate.
|
|
|
How often are the receptors in carotid arteries and aorta used?
When is that? |
These receptors are rarely used.
Only when O2 levels drop dangerously low. |
|
|
What are the two kinds of gas exchange?
|
1. External
2. Internal ... are the two kinds of has this exchange |
|
|
What is external gas exchange between? Where?
|
This gas exchange is between blood and atmospheric air in alveoli.
|
|
|
What is internal gas exchange between?
|
This gas exchange is between blood and tissues.
|
|
|
What is another name for External respiration?
|
Alveolar gas exchange is another way to say this.
|
|
|
What is the total average pressure of atmospheric air?
|
760 mm Hg is the average pressure of this.
|
|
|
What percent of the air is oxygen?
|
20 - 21% of air is this gas.
|
|
|
What percent of air is nitrogen?
|
79% of air is this gas.
|
|
|
Where does external respiration occur?
|
This respiration occurs across respiratory membrane.
|
|
|
What is external respiration driven by?
|
This respiration is driven by DIFFUSION.
|
|
|
What is the concept of PARTIAL PRESSURE based on?
|
The concept of this is based on DALTONS LAW OF this.
|
|
|
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in air?
|
Partial pressure of this is about 160 mm Hg.
|
|
|
Where do gases go when driven by diffusion?
|
These go from higher conc to lower conc.
|
|
|
What moves across the respiratory membrane? (2)
|
O2 and CO2 move across this membrane.
|
|
|
What is another way to say INTERNAL RESPIRATION?
|
SYSTEMIC GAS EXCHANGE is another way to say this.
|
|
|
What does internal respiration "load and unload" in blood in tissues?
|
This respiration is the unloading of O2 and loading of CO2.
|
|
|
What is the PCO2 in tissue fluid from aerobic respiration?
|
The PCO2 is 50 mm Hg in tissue fluid due to this respiration.
|
|
|
What is the PCO2 in blood?
|
PCO2 in this is 35 mm Hg.
|
|
|
Which direction does CO2 diffuse in terms of blood and tissue?
|
This gas diffuses from tissue to blood.
|
|
|
What's the PO2 in blood?
|
The PO2 in this is 95 mm Hb.
|
|
|
What's the PO2 in tissue?
|
The PO2 in this is 35 mm Hb.
|
|
|
How much O2 does blood give up?
What's that called? |
This gives up only about 22% of it O2 load.
UTILIZATION COEFFICIENT. |
|
|
What is the O2 left in the blood after leaving capillary bed?
How long can that sustain life after respiration stops? |
Venous reserve is the O2 left in blood after leaving this.
It can sustain life for about 4-5 minutes. |
|
|
Where does OXYGEN LOADING take place? In what blood?
|
This loading occurs in the lungs.
In arterial blood. |
|
|
What percent of O2 is bound to Hg?
|
98.5% of this is bound to Hb.
|
|
|
1.5% of O2 in blood is where?
|
This percent of 02 is dissolved in plasma.
|
|
|
What is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
What happens as each O2 binds? |
This dissociation curve is the relationship between the PO2 and Hb saturation.
Curve rises rapidly. |
|
|
About how much O2 does Hb give up when 100% saturated to tissue?
|
Hb gives up ~22% of O2 when saturated to this.
|
|
|
Where does oxygen unloading occur?
|
This unloading occurs in the tissue as does CO2.
|
|
|
As blood arrives in capillaries, how saturated is it?
|
Blood is 97% saturated as it arrives in these.
|
|
|
How saturated is blood as it leaves capillaries?
|
Blood is 75% saturated as it leaves these.
|
|
|
What is the 22% of O2 blood unloads in capillaries called?
|
UTILIZATION COEFFICIENT about this percent of O2 blood unloads.
|
|
|
How is CO2 carried in blood? (3)
Percentages? |
1. 90% carbonic acid
2. 5% binds to protein 3. 5% dissolved as gas in plasma ...is how this is carried in blood. |
|
|
What is the formula that results in carbonic acid?
|
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3
is the formula for this. |
|
|
What catalyzes carbonic acid formation in rbc's?
|
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes this in rbc's.
|
|
|
What does CO2 bind to involving Hb? not what?
|
CO2 binds to HbO2
Not to heme itself. |
|
|
What's HbCO2 called?
|
It's called carbaminohemoglobin.
|
