Bio 108 Circulatory System

Front 1

What part of the heart pumps blood that enters the circulatory system?

Back 1

left ventricle

Front 2

what's the huge mass of muscle called in the heart?

Back 2

myocardium

Front 3

where's the blood go in the coronary circulation?

Back 3

left ventricle
coronary arteries
coronary veins
right atrium

Front 4

what does the myocardium need tons of?
what's it do about it?

Back 4

O2
has its own circulatory system

Front 5

What are the two major coronary arteries?

Back 5

left coronary artery
right coronary artery

Front 6

What chamber do the coronary arteries come from?

Back 6

From LEFT VENTRICLE
...is where these come from

Front 7

Where do the coronary arteries come out?

Back 7

at the base of the aorta

Front 8

What branches out of the base of the aorta?

Back 8

two coronary artieries
...branch from there

Front 9

What are the two branches of the left coronary artery?

Back 9

anterior interventricular artery
circumflex artery
...are the two branches of this

Front 10

What supplies blood to the anterior of the left and right ventricles?

Back 10

anterior interventricular artery
supplies them

Front 11

What supplies the left atrium and left ventricle during coronary circulation?

Back 11

circumflex artery supplies these two chambers during coronary circulation

Front 12

What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?

Back 12

Marginal artery
Posterior interventricular artery
are the two branches of this.

Front 13

What supplies blood to the right atrium and right ventricle?

Back 13

marginal artery
supplies them

Front 14

What supplies blood to the posterior of the right and light ventricles?

Back 14

the posterior interventricular artery supplies these.

Front 15

Where are all the vessels of the heart located? and what are thery covered by?

Back 15

They are located in the sucli of the heart covered by a layer of fat.

Front 16

What are the three functions of the cardiac veins?

Back 16

receive blood from the myocardium
returns blood to the coronary sinus
follows arteries

Front 17

What are the cells that make up the conduction system of the heart?

Back 17

This system is made from cardiac myocytes

Front 18

What does SA mean and what is it made of?

Back 18

Sinoatrial node
specialized myocytes

Front 19

Where is the SA Node located?

Back 19

This is located in the right wall of the atrium

Front 20

What is the AV node?

Back 20

atrioventricular node
specialized myocytes

Front 21

Where is the AV node located?

Back 21

This is located between right atrium and right ventricle
near tricuspid

Front 22

What is the AV bundle?

Back 22

This is the bundle of His.

Front 23

Where do the R and L Bundle branches come from and go do?

Back 23

Theses travel from AV bundle to Purkinje fibers and runs do thru interventricular myocardium

Front 24

What constitutes the Cardiac cycle?

Back 24

One heart beat equals this.

Front 25

What are the 5 steps of the cardiac cycle?

Back 25

a. atrial contraction and relaxation
b.pause
c. ventricular contaction and relaxation
d. pause
e. repeat

Front 26

What's a normal heart beat called?

Back 26

This is called the sinus rhythm.

Front 27

How long does a sinus rhythm take?

Back 27

.8 seconds

Front 28

What does systole mean?

Back 28

contraction of chambers

Front 29

How do chambers eject blood?

Back 29

They do this by increasing pressure

Front 30

What is the smaller and shorter of the contractions?

Back 30

atrial systole is this

Front 31

What is the larger and longer contraction?

Back 31

ventricular systole is this

Front 32

What is the beginning state of the heart in the electrical events of the cardiac cycle?

Back 32

This begins when the atria and ventricles are in diastole.

Front 33

What are the five steps of electrical events in the cardiac cycle?

Back 33

1.SA node fires
2.Atrial systole
3.Impulse reaches AV node
4.Impulse travels into ventricles
5.Ventricle systole

Front 34

What produces the action potential in the heart?

Back 34

SA node creates this in the heart.

Front 35

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Back 35

SA node is called this in the heart.

Front 36

What is the slow depolarization of the SA node?

Back 36

Na+ slowly flowing in ... is this

Front 37

What is the fast depolarization of the SA node?

Back 37

voltage regulated Ca2+ channels open causing firing of SA node is this

Front 38

During Atrial systole where does the electrical impulse travel?

Back 38

During this the elec impulse comes from the SA node thru the atrial myocardium (causing muscle to contract)

Front 39

How long does is take to reach the AV node during Atrial systole?

Back 39

It takes 50m.sec to reach this

Front 40

What happens to blood during atrial systole?

Back 40

blood is pushed from the atria into the ventricles during this electrical event.

Front 41

What key thing does the AV node do when the impulse reaches it?

Back 41

When this happens, it slows down the signal for ~100msec.

Front 42

Why does the AV node slow down the impulse?

Back 42

The AV node does this to allow ventricles to fill with blood

Front 43

Where does the impulse go after the AV node?

Back 43

This impulse goes into the AV bundle after leaving this.

Front 44

After the AV bundles, where does the impulse go?

Back 44

The impulse goes into the bundle branches after leaving these.

Front 45

Where does the impulse go after the bundle branches?

Back 45

The impulse goes into the Purkinge fibers after these?

Front 46

What does the ventricular myocardium does when the impulse reaches it?

Back 46

This depolarizes at the same time after the impulse reaches it from the Purkinge fibers.

Front 47

What is the electrical event called that the R and L ventricles contract simulatneously?

Back 47

This happens during Ventricular systole

Front 48

Thru what does the blood leave the ventricles?

Back 48

Blood leaves these thru semilunar valvles

Front 49

Why is action potential different in cardiac muscle?

Back 49

It returns to resting potential much more slowly and steadily

Front 50

What law demonstrates pressure changes in the cardiac cycle?

Back 50

Boyle's law demonstrates this

Front 51

What are the five PHASES of the cardiac cycle?

Back 51

1. quiescent period
2. atrial systole
3. atrial diastole
4. ventricular systole
5. ventricular diastole

Front 52

How long does the quiescent period of the cardiac cycle last?

Back 52

This period lasts .3-.4 sec (long time)

Front 53

What happens to the chambers during the quiescent period in terms of contraction?

Back 53

During this period of the cardiac cycle, no chambers are contracting

Front 54

During the quiescent period, what is the blood doing?

Back 54

During this period of the cardiac cycle, blood is filling the atria.

Front 55

What are the AV valvles doing during the quiescent period?

Back 55

The AV valves are open during this period of the cardiac cycle.

Front 56

What does the EKG look like during the quiescent period?

Back 56

The EKG shows a flatline during this period of the cardiac cycle

Front 57

What is the electrical event involving the SA node during ATRIAL SYSTOLE?

Back 57

SA node fires impulse during this phase of the cardiac cycle.

Front 58

During Atrial systole, the imulse cuases what to depolarize?

Back 58

The atrial myocardium depolarizes during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 59

What does the EKG show during ATRIAL SYSTOLE?

Back 59

The EKG shows a P wave during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 60

What is the mechanical event of ATRIAL SYSTOLE?

Back 60

Both atria contract during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 61

What happens electrically during ATRIAL DIASTOLE?

Back 61

Atria repolarize during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 62

Where does the electrical impulse go during ATRIAL DIASTOLE?

Back 62

During this phase of the cardiac cycle, the impulse passes thru AV node, down bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

Front 63

What is the biggest event of the cardiac cycle?

Back 63

Ventricular Systole is this superlative of the cardiac cycle.

Front 64

What depolarizes during ventricular systole?

Back 64

The Ventricular myocardium depolarizes during this period of the cardiac cycle

Front 65

What does it look like on the EKG during VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE?

Back 65

The EKG shows the QRS complex during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 66

What does the pressure created during VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE do to the AV valvles?

Back 66

The AV valves close during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 67

When do you hear the first 'lub' (S1) heard during the cardiac cycle?

Back 67

You hear this during VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE.

Front 68

What valves open during VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE?

Back 68

semilunar valves open during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 69

What % of blood is ejected from the ventricles during VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE?

Back 69

About 54% of the blood in these is ejected during VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE

Front 70

What is STROKE VOLUME?

Back 70

This is the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles

Front 71

What is END SYSTOLIC VOLUME?

Back 71

This the the blood left in the ventricles.

Front 72

What is the EJECTION FRACTION?

Back 72

This is the % of blood that is ejected

Front 73

What is the last phase of the cardiac cycle?

Back 73

VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE is this phase of the cardiac cycle.

Front 74

What does the EKG show during VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE?

Back 74

The EKG shows a T wave during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 75

What happens to the muscle in the ventricles during VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE (electrically and mechanically)?

Back 75

The ventricular muscles repolarize and begin to expand during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 76

What happens to the semilunar valves during VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE?

Back 76

These valves close during VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE.

Front 77

What sounds during VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE from the semilunar valves closing?

Back 77

The second heart sound can be heard during this phase of the cardiac cycle (S2 or Dupp)

Front 78

What valves open during VENTRICULAR DIASTOLE?

Back 78

The AV valves open during this phase of the cardiac cycle

Front 79

What is diastasis?

Back 79

This is the slowing of the blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles

Front 80

What is CARDIAC OUTPUT?

Back 80

This is the amount of blood that flows from the heart in one minute

Front 81

What is CARDIAC RESERVE?

Back 81

This difference between maximum CO and resting CO

Front 82

What are CHRONOTOPIC AGENTS?

Back 82

These raise or lower heartbeat

Front 83

What are the 2 major types of CHRONOTOPIC AGENTS?

Back 83

1. autonomic nervous system
2. chemicals
...are the two major types of these

Front 84

What three receptors give the cardiac center info to reg. HR?

Back 84

1. Proprioceptors
2. Baroreceptors
3. Chemoreceptors
...send info here

Front 85

Where are proprioceptors that help regulate HR located?

Back 85

Muscles and joints contain these to send info RE: HR

Front 86

Where are baroreceptors that help regulate HR?

Back 86

Aorta and Carotid arteries contain these to send info RE: HR

Front 87

Where are chemoreceptors that help regulate HR?

Back 87

Aorta, carotid arteries and medulla oblongata contain these to info RE: HR

Front 88

What are the two major kinds of chemical chronotopic agents?

Back 88

1. Biological
2. Ions
are these kinds of chronotopic agents

Front 89

What are three categories of biological chemicals that are chronotopic agents?

Back 89

Hormones, neurotransmitters and drugs are three categories of these.

Front 90

What are two examples of hormones that chonotopic agent?

Back 90

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are two examples of this kind of chronotopic agent.

Front 91

What secretes epinephrine?

Back 91

Sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla secrete this?

Front 92

What are the two important ions involved in the control of heart rate?

Back 92

Potassium and Calcium are two important ions that control this

Front 93

What is hyperkalemia?

Back 93

This is when there is too much K+ and the heart rate becomes slow and irregular and may arrest

Front 94

What is HYPOKALEMIA?

Back 94

This condition makes it harder for heart to contract, ARRHYTHMIA

Front 95

What is HYPERCALCEMIA?

Back 95

This condition decreases heart rate and makes stronger and longer contractions

Front 96

What is HYPOCALCEMIA?

Back 96

This condition increases heart rate and makes weaker and shorter contractions

Front 97

What are the two functional part s of the cardiac center in the medulla oblongata?

Back 97

1. cardioaccelatory center
2. cardioinhibitory center
...are the two functional parts of this

Front 98

What is the path of signals in the from the cardioaccelatory center?

Back 98

1. Medulla oblongata
2. thoracic spinal cord
3. Thoracic spinal nerves
4. AV node and myocardium
...is the path of this center

Front 99

What hormone does the cardioaccelatory center stimulate?

Back 99

Norepinephrine is stimulated by this to increase heart rate

Front 100

What does norepinephrine bind to in the heart after being stimulated by the cardioaccelatory center?

Back 100

This binds to BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS in heart

Front 101

What type of nerves can stimulate the cardioaccelatory center?

Back 101

Proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, and baroreceptors are types of nerves that can stimulate this functional part of the cardiac center

Front 102

What type of nerves initiate the cardioinhibitory center?

Back 102

Baroreceptors is the type of nerve that can stimulate this functional part of the cardiac center

Front 103

What fibers secrete norepinephrine in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 103

Postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine in the this division of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 104

Where does this impulse travel from the cardioinhibitory center?

Back 104

Imulses travel thru the vagus nerve (X) to the SA and AV nodes in from this center of cardiac center in the medulla oblongata

Front 105

What does Vagus Nerve secrete to decrease the rate of firing and decrease heart rate?

Back 105

The Vagus Nerve secretes actylcholine which does this to the heart.

Front 106

What division of the autonomic nervous system secretes acetlycholine?

Back 106

The parasympathetic division secretes this to control heart rate

Front 107

What are the semilunar valves between?

Back 107

The ventricles and blood vessels are separated by these

Front 108

What ventricle does the pulmonary semilunar valve help?

Back 108

The right ventricle has this valve.

Front 109

What ventricle does the aortic semilunar valve help?

Back 109

The left ventricle has this valve.