Bio 106 Test 4

Front 1

Behavior can affect...

Back 1

survival and reproductive success

Front 2

succesful genetic components of behavior evolve through..

Back 2

natural selection

Front 3

chemokinesis

Back 3

random walk of bacteria. not direct path.

Front 4

What are two main classes of behavior

Back 4

1) innate
2) learned

Front 5

Fixed Action Pattern

Back 5

innate, unchangeble, coded in genes, carried to completion, triggered by external cue

Front 6

Example of Fixed Action Pattern

Back 6

Male stickleback fish attack anything with red belly

young birds peck at red spot to stimulate regurtitation.

Front 7

Orientated Movement
and examples

Back 7

movement in particular direction trigerred by environmental cues.
ie: kinesis, taxis, migration

Front 8

Kinesis

Back 8

change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus. random path.
ie: sow bugs, bacteria

Front 9

taxis

Back 9

oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus. more direct path.
ie: plants fish

Front 10

Migration

Back 10

regular, long distance movement. Either innate or learned.

Front 11

Migration uses...

Back 11

position of the sun, pattern or position of stars, earth's magnetic field, polarized light, olfaction, learned landmarks, etc

Front 12

Behavioral Rhythms - what are they affected by and why do they happen?

Back 12

1) circadian rhythm
2) changing seaons
3) lunar cycles

Front 13

Learning

Back 13

modification of behavior vased on specific experiences

Front 14

Types of Learning (4 types)

Back 14

Habituation
Imprinting
Spatial/cognitive map
associative learning

Front 15

Habituation

Back 15

When a stimulus gets your attention at first but then you could start ignoring it and have no reaction to it anymore.

Front 16

Imprinting

Back 16

a period of time in animal's development when a behavior is learned.

Front 17

spatial and cognitive map

Back 17

ie: Nutcracker hides many seeds and know where they are.

Front 18

Associative Learning

Back 18

operant conditioning
ie: dog not go after porcupine anymore
ie: monarch and viceroy butterflies. The monarch is naturally foul tasting so the viceroy mimics it to avoid predation

Front 19

There are also more complex ways of learning such as...

Back 19

language, communication (such as the waggle dance), problem solving

Front 20

Calls and Songs

Back 20

greeting, identification, alarm, attract mates

Front 21

Problem Solving:
Tool Use by animals

Back 21

Aesop's fable (dropping stones in water)
twigs used to extract food from hole
hitting eggs, nuts with rocks
dropping throwing stones at predators
rubbing ants for formic acid on feather to kill parasites
owl use of mammal dung to attract beatles

Front 22

Mating behavior includes..

Back 22

seeking, attracting mates, choosing among mates, competing for mates

Front 23

examples of different mating behaviors

Back 23

group display, elaborate structures, shapes in air, frog mating call

Front 24

Behavior is like other ______ because it is ..... (3 things)

Back 24

characteristics.
variable, heritable, basis for natural selection

Front 25

If there are heritable variations in behavior, it can be basis for ____

Back 25

NS

Front 26

What feature(s) of behavior is required for it to evolve?

Back 26

succesful heritable variations. in genes

Front 27

What are some advantages of behavioral rhythms?

Back 27

succesful mating, fish spawn, sleep, migration

Front 28

Nervous System

Back 28

one way of communication within animal

Front 29

Cephalization

Back 29

CONCENTRATION OF SENSORY organs and neural integration function at the anterior end
ie: eyes, brain, feelers, antenna

Front 30

What animals have no cephalization?

Back 30

hydra, sea star, chiton (mullusk)

Front 31

parts of nervous system

Back 31

Sensory receptor: eyes (sensory input) -->

Central Nervous System
brain/spinal chord (integration) --->

Effector: Peripheral nervous system
leg (motor output)

Front 32

Overlaping functions of parts of the nervous system

Back 32

-visual signal (can take in and take out sensory and peripheral)

processing of signal by central ns

control of muscle: peripheral nervous system and motor neurons

Front 33

Neurons

Back 33

cells of nervous system

Front 34

Parts of a Neuron

Back 34

cell body, dendrite, axon, synapse

Front 35

synapse

Back 35

connection between adjacent neurons.

Front 36

How Neurons conduct electrical signals

Back 36

Membrane Potential

Front 37

what is membrane potential

Back 37

Difference in charge between cell membrane and outside of it (-50- -100 mV)
(inside is negatively charged)

Front 38

How is membrane potential produced?

Back 38

1) different ionic composition of intracellular and extracellular fluid.
2) selective permeability of plasma membrane

Front 39

What are the concentrations of ions in and outside cell?

Back 39

Inside has High K+ and organic concentrations and outside cell has high Cl- and Na +.

Front 40

To what ion is the membrane usually permeable to?

Back 40

K+ in resting

Front 41

When K+ goes out, it immediately creates an _____ ____ inwards

Back 41

electrical graidient

Front 42

Because membrane potential is thus a balance of chemical conc. gradient and electrical gradient, this creates a ___

Back 42

electrochemical gradient in a resting state

Front 43

how to create excitable cells/change membrane potential?

Back 43

increase permeability to other ions
(muscle and many neurons)

Front 44

How to create an action potential?

Back 44

membrane potential becomes more positive....and reaches threshold potential.

Front 45

when membrane potential becomes more positive.... this is called? and wat does it cause?

Back 45

membrane depolarization. electrical signaling, action potential

Front 46

voltage gated ion channels

Back 46

first electrical change in membrane potential depolarizes about 15-20mV. Na ion channels open briefly and then shut. K+ open after action potential at peak and open slower and bring membrane potential back down.

Front 47

propagation of action potential along neuron

Back 47

AP travles along axon to other end of cell. only in one direction

Front 48

How to increase speed of transmission in neuron

Back 48

1) larger diameter ie giant squid
2) axons of vertabrates are insulated by myelin of schwann cells

Front 49

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 49

gap between schwann cells.
allow faster and longer distance
where depolarization and action potential occur, boosts signal and it jumps between the schwann cell for faster transmission

Front 50

ways neurons communicate

Back 50

presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell

Front 51

two types of synapses and definitions of each

Back 51

1) electrical: action potential spreads directly. rapid transmission
2) chemical: narrow space between neurons. action potential in presynaptic cell release neurotransmitters which depolarizes postsnaptic cell to trigger action potential in postsynaptic cell.

Front 52

Gas as neurotransmitter

Back 52

Nitric oxide - NO
causes smooth muscle cells to relax resulting in dilation of blood vessels.

Front 53

How do neurons work together?

Back 53

summation of signals (spatial summation)

Front 54

gray matter contains..

Back 54

unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, dendrites

Front 55

which animals don't have a nervous system?

Back 55

prorifera

Front 56

Chemical signals are..
example of a chem signal.

Back 56

form of biological communication. inside and outside organism. involves highly specific recptor/signal binding
ie: hormones

Front 57

Pheromone

Back 57

a signal outside organism. used for communication between animals
ie: periplanone: female american cockroaches

Front 58

Do humans have pheromones?

Back 58

they might.. they are born with a vomeronasal organ..

Front 59

Chemical signals inside organism is called ..

Back 59

Endocrine system or nervous system

Front 60

What is a hormone

Back 60

Part of Endocrine system:

chemical secreted into body fluids (usually blood) in small amounts
ie: plasma testorsterone 1.3-2.3 nanomoles per liter

Front 61

What types of molecules are used as hormones?

Back 61

amino acids derived from single AAs, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins

steroids (lipid soluble)

Front 62

How hormones act on target cells

Back 62

1) surface recptors
2) within target cell (internal receptor)

Front 63

pathway hormone takes to act on target cell

Back 63

secretory cell releases hormones, signal molecule bonds to receptor in plasma membrane or intracellular receptor, generates response in target cell.

Front 64

what do steroids do?

Back 64

form complex that binds to DNA and regulates gene expression

Front 65

hormone action (2 ies)

Back 65

glucose homeostasis
stress and the adrenal gland

Front 66

what happens when high blood glucose?

Back 66

beta cells from pancreas release insulin which tells the liver to store glucose as glycogen and also causes body cells to take up more glucose

Front 67

what happens when low blood glucose?

Back 67

alpha cells from pancreas release glycogon which tells liver to release stored glucose (glycogen) into blood

Front 68

diabetes mellitus

Back 68

type 1: pancreas targeted. childhood
type 2: reduced responsiveness to insulin or insulin deficiency. adult

Front 69

short term stress response

Back 69

epinephrine and norepinephrine relased by adrenal medulla which causes glycogen to be broken down to glucose which increases bp, breathing rate, decreases digestive and kidney activity, increased metabolic rate

Front 70

long term stress response

Back 70

ACTH and corticosteroids. Hypothalumus releases releasing hormone to putuitary which releases ACTH to adrenal cortex which then makes corticosteroids which increased blood volume, bp, breaksdown fats/proteins.

Front 71

Communication within animals is need to coordinate...

Back 71

action, growth, physiology

Front 72

The nervous system is..

Back 72

fast, precise and localized. coordinates sensory input to appropriate motor response

Front 73

Endocrine system is..

Back 73

slower, longer duration, and whole body. coordination of response of different parts of the body.

Front 74

2 classes of hormones

Back 74

cell surface receptors: are water-soluble peptides (glycoprotein)

intracellular receptors: lipid-soluble lipids (steroid)

Front 75

one hormone can have different effects due to

Back 75

its receptor

Front 76

neurosecretory cell

Back 76

nerve that releases hormone into blood

Front 77

neurohormones

Back 77

hormones secreted by neurosecretory cell

Front 78

how to control the internal environment?

Back 78

osmoregulation and excretion

Front 79

what is osmoregulation and excretion?

Back 79

a balance between water loss and gain. regulation of ionic and chical balance. and Removal of metabolic waste.

Front 80

why is osmoregulation important?

Back 80

for plants, their cell wall protects them...but for us...we would burst or shrivel!

Front 81

How to get water in animals?

Back 81

drink it, diffusion from environmet, moisture from food, metabolism generates water.

Front 82

How do animals lose wateR?

Back 82

unabsorbed liquid from alimentary tract, in urine, to air thru evaporation, to air thru respiration, diffusion into aq environment

Front 83

osmolarity

Back 83

total solutes per volume

Front 84

isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic

Back 84

smae osmolarity on each side
high solute conc.
lower solute conc

Front 85

what is metabolic waste?

Back 85

waste from absorbed nutrients (amino acids and nucleotides....N containing molecules)

Front 86

three types of nitrogenous waste

Back 86

NH3- very toxic, need bunch of water, not energetically costly
urea, somewhat toxic
uric acid - non-toxic, energetically costly, needs no water

Front 87

Osmoconformer

Back 87

organism that conforms to a hyperosmostic environment to maintain a 1000 mosmL.

Front 88

Salt water bony fish

Back 88

drinks seawater. so it secretes salt from gills and urine. excretes small amount of water and ammonia.

Front 89

shark

Back 89

doesnt drink sea water, so exretes urea with small amount water

Front 90

seabirds

Back 90

drink sea water but have nasal salt gland to excrete salt thru nose

Front 91

freshwater bony fish

Back 91

active uptake of salt thru gills, excretes lots of water and ammonia

Front 92

how do terrestrial animals combat water loss thru evaporation?

Back 92

exoskeleton, fur, skin cells, behaviroral

Front 93

how to reduce water loss via respiration?

Back 93

reduce respiration, reduce exhaled air temp, countercurrent nasal heat exchange

Front 94

How terrestrial animals get rid of N waste

Back 94

excrete via uric acid: insects, reptiles, land snails. reduces water loss.

Front 95

Terrestrial animals use the kidney to....

Back 95

as part of the excretory system.
filters bodily fluids to retain macromolecules, recovers select small molecules, actively secretes excess salts adn N waste

Front 96

Antidiuretic hormone

Back 96

increases water reabsorption in kidney and
increase in blood osmolarity trigger release of ADH to conserve water

Front 97

animal reproduction is essential for...

Back 97

survival of species

Front 98

most animals have 2 sets of genes..this is called

Back 98

diploidy

Front 99

asexual reproduction

Back 99

one diploid parent (female) produces genetically identical offspring. 100% genetic contribution

Front 100

Sexual Reproduction

Back 100

Two diploid parents produces haploid gametes (sperm, egg). offspring with different genetic composition. 50% genetic contribution from parent to offspring.

Front 101

sexual reproduction allows for.....

Back 101

adaptation/evolution

Front 102

asexual reproduction occurs in

Back 102

cnidaria, hydra, urochordate.

Front 103

2 types of asexual repro

Back 103

parthenogenesis (virgin birth)- with daphnia: produces two types of eggs. One that can be fertilized to produce sexual offspring. other not fertilized and develops into female.
Lizard: all female but some act like male
haplodiploidy: both haploid/diploid animals. males develope from unfertilized eggs. females from fertilized eggs.

Front 104

advantageous/disadvantageous of asexual reproduction

Back 104

advan: don't need to find a mate when pop is low
disadvantage: wipe out pop b/c lack of genetic diversity.

Front 105

2 types of sexual reproduction

Back 105

1) Hermaphroditism: have both male and female parts ie earthworms
2) Normal

Front 106

sequential hermaphrolite

Back 106

sex change over lifetime instead of having both parts

Front 107

normal sexual reproduction

Back 107

gamete production, delivery, offspring development, parental care

Front 108

two types of fertilization for normal sexual reproduction

Back 108

External: produces many gametes less energetically costly, synchrnous release of gametes, sperm-egg recognition to ensure fertilization, many offspring. ie coral
Internal: an adaptation to terrestrial life-style. need to keep gametes moist, increased efficiency of fertilization.

Front 109

two types of internal fertilization methods

Back 109

spermatophore: packets of sperm deposited by males (arthropods, salamanders, octopus

Copulatory organ

Front 110

why is internal fertilization an adaptation in terrestrial lifestyle?

Back 110

higher success in fertilization, requires fewer gametes, needs male and female interaction, allows gamete storage by females

Front 111

types of eggs depend on....

Back 111

water availability
ie, gelatinous eggs, small without shell, storage of sperm, lay eggs, amniotic

Front 112

which animals have amniotic eggs?

Back 112

reptiles, birds, mammals

Front 113

what does an extra amniotic membrane have?

Back 113

extra embryonic membrane derived from initial sperm fertilization of egg
has allantois, amnion, chorion, yolk sac

Front 114

human extra-embryonic membrane consists of...

Back 114

chorion, developing placenta, chorionic villi

Front 115

animal development includes...

Back 115

cell division, cell differentiation, cellular movement

Front 116

all cells in one animal have ___ genetic material

Back 116

same

Front 117

Cell differentiation

Back 117

turning off and on genes

Front 118

What determines if genes are on or off?

Back 118

signals in egg, sperm entry point in egg sets up signaling gradient, interaction wtih neighboring cells

Front 119

signals in egg

Back 119

produce gradients of developmental signals

Front 120

interaction between cells

Back 120

1) aggregation of cells (proifera)
2) forms third tissue layer : mesoderm

Front 121

movement in cells

Back 121

changes interaction between cells, allows for interaction between different cells, helps make dif structures. allows gastrulation that determines if protostome or deuterostome. and formation of neuroplate

Front 122

Animals share similar developmental genes called....

Back 122

either homeotic genes, homeobox, hox genes: "Master regulatory gene"

Front 123

homeotic gene organization

Back 123

is co-linear along the chromosome, organism, timing

Front 124

hometotic mutation

Back 124

makes leg where eye is