Bio 106 - Exam 3 - Chapter 29

Front 1

What are the ancestors of all other eukaryotes?

Back 1

Protists, primarily unicellular, are some of the simplest and earliest known eukaryotes.

Front 2

What are pseudopods?

Back 2

Pseudopods are "false feet" and allow protists movement by moving contents of their body around.

Front 3

What is an amoeba an example of?

Back 3

Amoebas are protists.

Front 4

Are there protists with needle-like pseudopods?

Back 4

Yes, actinosphaerium.

Front 5

What are 5 differences that separate the domain Eukarya from the domains Bacteria and Archaea?

Back 5

Eukarya have nuclear envelopes, they don't have circular chromosomes, they have extensive organelles, most are multicellular, and sexual reproduction is common.

Front 6

What are 5 synapomorphies that unite Eukarya?

Back 6

The 5 synapomorphies that unite Eukarya are linear chromosomes, nuclear envelope, nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton.

Front 7

What does the term Eukaryotes technically mean?

Back 7

The term Eukaryotes technically means "true nucleus".

Front 8

Why don't Prokaryotes have nuclei, even though they have genetic material?

Back 8

Prokaryotes don't have a nuclear envelope that surrounds the genetic material to form a nucleus.

Front 9

What are two things that resulted from the infolding of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic cells?

Back 9

Two things that resulted from the infolding of the plasma membrane of a prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic cells are a nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 10

What two organelles have their own genetic material?

Back 10

Mitochondrion and chloroplast have their own genetic material.

Front 11

How many genomes do plant and animal cells have?

Back 11

Plant cells have 3 genomes, while animal cells have 2 genomes.

Front 12

What organism's DNA is mitochondial and chloroplast DNA most similar to?

Back 12

Mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA is more similar to bacterial DNA than nuclear DNA.

Front 13

Describe the endosymbiotic theory and specify the type of bacteria.

Back 13

The endosymbiotic theory is on how aerobic bacteria was incorporated into the cell to become mitochondria and photosynthetic bacterium became chloroplast.

Front 14

Describe the symbiotic relationship between the cell and the mitochondrion and chloroplast.

Back 14

The cell gains the energy and the "bacteria" gains resources and a place to live.

Front 15

What are the four kingdoms within the domain Eukarya?

Back 15

The four kingdoms within the domain Eukarya are protists, fungi, animals, and plants.

Front 16

What is the evidence that shows that protists resemble early eukaryotes?

Back 16

There are fossil of protists (algae) that lived in Siberia 1 billion years ago.

Front 17

What makes a protist a protist?

Back 17

Protists are eukaryotes. Within eukaryotes, they are the most primitive of the four kingdoms. Protists don't fit into the other 3 kingdoms.

Front 18

What are the most famous protists?

Back 18

The protist phytophthora infestans caused the potato disease that led to the Irish Potato Famine. Malaria is caused by protists in the genus Plasmodium.

Front 19

Why was one single protist able to cause such a great famine in Ireland?

Back 19

The potato crops were homogenous and not genetically variable.

Front 20

What are plasmodium's 2 hosts?

Back 20

Plasmodium's two hosts are the mosquito and the mammal.

Front 21

Which stage of the Plasmodium life cycle does the mosquito that spreads malaria carry?

Back 21

The mosquito carries sporozoite, which is a stage of the Plasmodium life cycle.

Front 22

What happens after the mosquito infects a mammal?

Back 22

The sporozoite goes into the blood stream of the mammal host and it infects the liver.

Front 23

What happens to the sporozoite inside the host's liver?

Back 23

The sporozoite replicate inside the host's liver and form merozoite.

Front 24

When the merozoite leaves the liver cell of the mammal host, where does it go and what does it do?

Back 24

The merozoite moves from the liver to red blood cells, which are destroyed (and causes harm to the mammal). The merozoite then become gametocyte.

Front 25

What form of the Plasmodium is picked up by the mosquito?

Back 25

Gametocytes are picked up by the mosquito.

Front 26

Describe the transformation from gametocyte to sporozoite inside the mosquito.

Back 26

Gametocytes become gametes, which are fertilized to become oocyst and then sporozoite.

Front 27

Describe harmful algal bloom.

Back 27

Harmful algal bloom is when a toxin producing protist reaches high densities. An example is red tide, which is the blooming of the protists dinoflagellates.

Front 28

What are plankton?

Back 28

Plankton are small organisms that live near the surface.

Front 29

What is a food chain?

Back 29

Food chain are nutritional relationships among organisms.

Front 30

What are the primary producers and primary consumers in the aquatic environment?

Back 30

The primary producers include photosynthetic protists and bacteria. The primary consumers include protists that eat primary producers.

Front 31

What are two types of locomotion for protists?

Back 31

The two types of locomotion for protists are flagellar rotation and psudopods.

Front 32

What are the three types of nutritional strategies for protists?

Back 32

Protists can be autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic.

Front 33

Describe autotrophic protists.

Back 33

Autotrophic protists are phototrophs, which are photosynthetic protists.

Front 34

What are the 2 types of heterotrophic protists and describe them?

Back 34

Heterotrophic protists include phagotrophs and osmotrophs. Phagotrophs ingest food by pulling them into intracellular vesicles. Osmotrophs ingest food in soluble form.

Front 35

What are mixotrophs?

Back 35

Mixotrophs are both phototrophic and heterotrophic.

Front 36

There are many nutritional strategies for protists. What other group is similar in that aspect?

Back 36

Bacteria also have many nutritional strategies.

Front 37

Protists are paraphyletic. Within protists, what type of groups are there?

Back 37

Within protists, there are several monophyletic groups.

Front 38

How can protists reproduce?

Back 38

Either asexually, through cell division and budding, or sexually.

Front 39

What are the two types of asexual reproduction and what's the difference?

Back 39

Cell division is when it splits into two. Budding is when a small piece buds off.

Front 40

What does sexual reproduction mean?

Back 40

Sexual reproduction is when the gametes come together in ferilization and the offspring are unique.

Front 41

In terms of reproduction, what is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Back 41

Eukaryotes can reproduce either asexually or sexually, while prokaryotes can only reproduce asexually.

Front 42

Describe the cellularity of protists

Back 42

Protists can be either single-celled or multi-cellular.

Front 43

What are six of the seven monophyletic groups within protists that we went into detail about in class?

Back 43

The six of the seven monophyletic groups within protists that we talked about are (diplomonads, parabasalids), alveolata, stramenopila, rhodophyta, chlorophyta, and choanoflagellida.

Front 44

Describe diplomonads and parabasalids.

Back 44

Diplomonads and parabasalids are the most primitive of the protists, being the BASAL group, or at the base of the phylogenic tree. They are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria.

Front 45

What is an example of a diplomonad that causes intestinal disease?

Back 45

Giardia intestinalis is a diplomonad that causes intestinal disease.

Front 46

What are the definitions given separately for diplomonads and parabasalids?

Back 46

Diplomonads are unicellular with two nuclei and parabasalids have undulated membranes.

Front 47

What is an example of a parabaslid that causes issues in humans?

Back 47

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parabasalid that causes issues in humans.

Front 48

What are alveolata?

Back 48

Alveolata are protists with submembrane vesicles.

Front 49

What do alveolata have stacked below their plasma membrane?

Back 49

Alveolata have alveoli (flattened vesicles) stacked below their plasma membrane.

Front 50

What are the three types of alveolata? Give an example of each.

Back 50

Three types of alveolata are dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliata. Dinoflagellates cause the red tide. An apicomplexan is plasmodium (causes malaria). A ciliata is a paramecium.

Front 51

What are stramenopila?

Back 51

Stramenopila are protists with fine hairs. Pila means hair.

Front 52

What are 3 examples of stramenopila?

Back 52

3 examples of stramenopila are brown algae, stramenopiles, and diatoms.

Front 53

What is the difference between rhodophyta and chlorophyta?

Back 53

Rhodophyta include red algae and chlorophyta are green algae.

Front 54

What are 3 synapomorphies that are shared between chlorophyta and green land plants that show how closely related they are?

Back 54

The 3 synapomorphies between chlorophyta and land plants are photosynthetic pigments, cell walls with cellulose, and starch as a storage product.

Front 55

Describe choanoflagellates.

Back 55

Choanoflagellates shared a most recent common ancestor with animals.