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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two categories of prokaryotes based on their ways of obtaining carbon?
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autotrophs and heterotrophs
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What is an autotroph?
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Autotrophs synthesize their own carbon-containing organic compounds from inorganic CO2
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What is a heterotroph?
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Heterotrophs acquire carbon-containing compounds from organic molecules of other organisms
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What are the two categories of prokaryotes based on their modes of ATP production?
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phototrophs and lithotrophs
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What is a phototroph?
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Phototrophs use light energy
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What is a lithotroph?
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Lithotrophs oxidize inorganic molecules
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True or false? There are several combinations for the way prokaryotes make carbon and ATP.
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True. (Autotrophs and heterotrophs) (phototrophs and lithotrophs) You can make combos between that.
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What is a photoautotroph?
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Photoautotrophs obtain energy from sunlight and use it to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic CO2
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What are chemolithoautotrophs?
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Chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and use it to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic CO2
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What are examples of inorganic substances that chemolithoautotrophs can oxidize for energy?
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ammonia, nitrite, sulfur, hydrogen
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What is an example of an organic molecule that heterotrophs can obtain carbon from?
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glucose
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What are photoheterotrophs?
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Photoheterotrophs obtain energy from the light and obtain carbon from organic molecules.
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What are chemoheterotrophs?
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Chemoheterotrophs obtain energy from organic molecules and obtain carbon from organic molecules.
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What about metabolism is a main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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A great amount of metabolic diversity among prokaryotes, not so much with eukaryotes.
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What type of reproduction do bacteria have?
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Asexual and conjugation.
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What is bacterial conjugation?
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Conjugation is the horizontal gene transfer from one cell to another by cell to cell contact. It is one mode of asexual reproduction.
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What is plasmid?
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Plasmid is the circular DNA of bacteria.
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How do bacteria reproduce?
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Through conjugation, using a conjugation bridge to allow rolling-circle replication to occur.
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What is rolling-circle replication?
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When a single strand enters recipient cell.
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After bacteria #2's second strand synthesis is complete, what can be said about the two bacterial cells?
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They are genetically identical to one another.
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Why are prokaryotes important for contemporary society?
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Prokaryotes cause diseases. They are part of our bacterial flora. They are critical for ecosystem function. They produce oxygen. They help with agriculture.
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What are four classifications that help scientist differentiate between different taxa of prokaryotes?
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shape, metabolic diversity, gram staining, and whole genome sequencing
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What is a monophyletic group?
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A monophyletic group includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants.
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What is a clade?
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A clade is the same thing as a monophyletic group.
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What is a paraphyletic group?
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A paraphyletic group includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and some (but not all) of its descendants.
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What is a polyphyletic group?
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A polyphyletic group doesn't include the most recent common ancestor of the group. (This group has many most recent common ancestors)
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All land plants have a cuticle. Example of shared common ancestry or convergent evolution?
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Common ancestry.
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Why are prokaryotes important?
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They cause diseases. They're part of our bacterial flora. They're critical for ecosystem to function (produce oxygen, agriculture).
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How do scientists classify prokaryotes?
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Shape, metabolic diversity, gram stain, whole genome sequencing to differentiate different taxa.
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How do prokaryotes reproduce?
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Asexually. One mode of asexual reproduction is conjugation.
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What two domains do prokaryotes include?
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Domain Bacteria & Archaea.
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Prokaryotes are _____phyletic.
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Prokaryotes are paraphyletic (includes ancestor but not all descendents).
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What are some diseases caused by prokaryotes?
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Salmonella, Syphillis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, plague, anthrax, cholera, lyme disease, pneumonia.
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What can be used to clean up a beach contaminated by an oil spill?
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Bacteria.
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What are extremophiles?
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Bacteria that can live in extreme environments: high-salt, high-temp, low-temp, high-pressure
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What are cyanobacteria?
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The first organisms to produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. The only reason we have O2 in the atmosphere is because of photosynthesis.
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Discuss bacteria fixing nitrogen.
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Some bacteria, live particularly in bean family, in nodules and take nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form plants can use. The roots give bacteria a home. There's always excess, which is put in the soil.
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What are the oldest form of life known?
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Prokaryotes.
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What 2 pieces of microfossil data suggest prokaryotes were the earliest cells?
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1. the oldest microfossils are 3.5 billion years old. 2. stromatolites (sedimentary deposits and precipitated materials held in place by mats of microorganisms (cyanobacteria) thought to be 2.7 billion years old.
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What are stromatolites?
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Sedimentary deposits and precipitated materials held in place by mats of microorganisms (cyanobacteria)
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What are 4 traditional approaches to classifying prokaryotes?
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1. photosynthetic/non-photosynthetic 2. motile or non-motile (movement) 3. unicellular/colony-forming/filamentous 4. importance as human pathogens (classified by effects on humans).
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What are 3 molecular approaches to classifying prokaryotes?
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1. amino acid sequences 2. RNA sequences 3. whole genome sequencing
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How do Prokaryotes differ from Eukaryotes in terms of metabolic diversity (way to obtain energy)?
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Prokaryotes have diverse types of metabolism, while eukaryotes only have 1 way to metabolize (oxygenic photosynthesis).
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Which do we know more about? Bacteria or archaea?
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Bacteria.
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Prokaryotes are ___phyletic. Bacteria? Archaea?
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Prokaryotes are paraphyletic. Bacteria and archaea are each monophyletic.
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Describe the cellular organization in prokaryotes.
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Internal membranes, nucleiod region (highly condensed double-stranded ring of DNA), and ribosomes
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What are the 3 shapes of Bacteria?
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Bacillus (rods), coccus (spheres), spirillum (spirals)
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Describe gram-positive bacteria.
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Purple: lots of peptidoglycan in cell wall.
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Describe gram-negative bacteria.
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Pink: less peptidoglycan in cell wall
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