Bio Of Food: Exam 2, Ch. 5-8

Front 1

category of compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are hydrophobic

Back 1

lipids

Front 2

4 functions of lipids

Back 2

- energy storage

- insulation

- protein transporter in blood (lipoproteins)

- cell membranes

Front 3

3 types of lipids

Back 3

- triglycerides*

- phospholipids*

- sterols

* = basic unit is fatty acids

Front 4

structure of fatty acids

Back 4

chain of C and H, with a carboxylic acid (-COOH) at one end

Front 5

fatty acids can vary by __________.

Back 5

- length of chain

- whether C has any double bonds

- the # of C=C double bonds

Front 6

2 categories of lipids

Back 6

- saturated: all C-C, solid at room temp.

- unsaturated: 1 or more C=C, more liquid at room temp.

Front 7

2 types of unsaturated fatty acids

Back 7

- monounsaturated: one C=C

- polyunsaturated: > one C=C

Front 8

glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acids = ?

Back 8

triglycerides

*most common lipid

*referred to as fats

Front 9

glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acids + phosphate = ?

Back 9

phospholipids

*phosphate containing head is hydrophilic

Front 10

an emulsifier (part of bile) found in food (eggs) or added (dressing)

Back 10

lecithin

Front 11

phospholipid + protein = ?

Back 11

lipoprotein

Front 12

- sterol

- important role in cell membrane structure

- precursor of important compounds in body

- hormone precursor

- not required in diet

Back 12

cholesterol

Front 13

enzyme that breaks down fats

Back 13

lipase

Front 14

fatty acid absorption:

small chain fatty acids + lecithin = micelles ->

longer chain fatty acids ->

Back 14

small chain fatty acids + lecithin = micelles -> go to blood

longer chain fatty acids -> go to lymphatic system via chylomicrons

Front 15

transport fat through lymphatic system and blood

Back 15

lipoproteins (chylomicrons)

Front 16

delivers fat from liver to cells then converts it into LDL

Back 16

very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Front 17

"bad" lipoprotein:

"good" lipoprotein:

Back 17

"bad": low-density lipoprotein (LDL), deposits cholesterol in artery walls

"good": high-density lipoprotein (HDL), removes chol. from body

Front 18

2 types of essential fatty acids

Back 18

- linoleic acid (omega-6)

- alpha-linoleic acid (omega-3)

*keep membranes healthy

*make eicosanoids

Front 19

proportion of protein that comes from animal sources

Back 19

2/3

Front 20

the predominant structural and functional materials in every cell

Back 20

proteins

Front 21

proteins contain what four elements?

Back 21

C, H, O, and N

Front 22

the building blocks of proteins

Back 22

amino acids

Front 23

structure of amino acids

Back 23

carbon with an attached H, amine group (-NH2), carboxylic acid (-COOH), and side chain (unique)

Front 24

number of unique amino acids

Back 24

20

Front 25

amino acids are linked together by __________.

Back 25

peptide bonds

Front 26

interactions of the unique side chains in amino acids cause the protein to __________.

Back 26

fold into its 3D shape

Front 27

a protein's shape determines its __________.

Back 27

function

Front 28

change in protein shape can cause problems such as __________.

Back 28

sickle-cell anemia

Front 29

number of amino acids that are essential

Back 29

9

Front 30

a protein becoming unfolded and changing shape, but not changing the amino acid sequence

Back 30

denaturing

Front 31

causes of protein denaturing

Back 31

- heat (cooking)

- acids/bases

- beating, mixing, mech. digestion

- salts (marinades)

Front 32

proteins are digested and absorbed in the __________ and __________.

Back 32

stomach and small intestine

Front 33

breaks down proteins into polypeptides in the stomach

Back 33

pepsin

Front 34

small intestine breaks down polypeptides into these 3 things

Back 34

tripeptides, dipeptides, and individual amino acids

Front 35

amino acids enter blood and travel to __________ via the __________.

Back 35

liver via the hepatic portal vein

*used to make new proteins or as an energy source

Front 36

protein synthesis starts with __________.

Back 36

DNA

Front 37

occurs inside the nucleus and writes the code (mRNA) to create proteins

Back 37

transcription

Front 38

occurs inside the cytoplasm and is performed by ribosomes to translate the code for protein synthesis

Back 38

translation

Front 39

brings the amino acids to the ribosomes for building

Back 39

tRNA

Front 40

DNA segment that codes for protein

Back 40

gene

Front 41

proteins are used for these 4 things

Back 41

- structural and mechanical support

- build most enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

- maintain fluid balance

- maintain acid/base balance

Front 42

fibrous protein that is most abundant

Back 42

collagen

Front 43

most abundant tissue type that is made up of mostly collagen

Back 43

connective tissue (bones, tendons, ligaments)

Front 44

dietary proteins ---digestion---> __________

---protein synthesis---> body proteins

Back 44

amino acid pool

Front 45

1. eat proteins, break down to amino acids, absorb

2. amino acids go to amino acid pool

Back 45

protein turnover

Front 46

protein degraded = protein synthesized

Back 46

protein balance

Front 47

amino acids can be broken down and have their amine group removed, this amine group is converted into __________.

Back 47

urea (urine)

Front 48

protein requirements per day

Back 48

multiply weight in kg by 0.8g of protein (divide lbs by 2.2kg)

Front 49

easily digestible proteins that contain all of the essential amino acids

Back 49

quality proteins

Front 50

proteins that contain all of the essential amino acids

Back 50

complete proteins (animal sources)

Front 51

proteins that do not have all of the essential amino acids

Back 51

incomplete proteins (plant sources, with exception of soy and quinoa)

Front 52

proteins that can be combined to form a complete protein

Back 52

complimentary proteins

Front 53

deficiency in protein can cause __________ and __________.

Back 53

kwashiorkor and marasmus (overall calorie deficiency)

Front 54

organic, essential micronutrients

Back 54

vitamins

Front 55

2 categories of vitamins

Back 55

- fat-soluble

- water-soluble

Front 56

the 4 fat-soluble vitamins

Back 56

vitamins A, D, E, and K

Front 57

type of vitamins that can be stored in the body

Back 57

fat-soluble

Front 58

type of vitamins that are not stored in the body

Back 58

water-soluble (excesses can still be harmful)

Front 59

2 types of water-soluble vitamins

Back 59

vitamin Bs and C

Front 60

how a vitamin is absorbed from food

Back 60

bioavailibilty

Front 61

vitamins can be destroyed with what 3 things?

Back 61

air, water, or heat

Front 62

retinoids are what vitamin?

Back 62

vitamin A

Front 63

most-usable form of retinoids in the body

Back 63

retinol

Front 64

pre-formed vitamin A is only found in __________.

Back 64

animal foods

Front 65

provitamin A that some plants contain

Back 65

carotenoids (such as beta-carotene in carrots)

Front 66

4 functions of vitamin A

Back 66

- healthy eyes and skin

- cell differentiation

- bone health

- immunity

Front 67

carotenoids are not toxic, but can cause __________.

Back 67

carotenodermia (orange skin)

Front 68

a chronic deficiency of vitamin A causes __________, and eventually __________.

Back 68

nightblindness, and eventually xerophthalmia (#1 cause of blindness in children in developing countries)

Front 69

alpha-tocopherol is the most active form of this vitamin

Back 69

vitamin E (tocopheryl is the synthetic version)

Front 70

the function of vitamin E

Back 70

powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radicals (free radicals can cause macular degeneration)

Front 71

vitamins C and E, the mineral selenium, and the phytochemicals carotenoids and flavenoids are all __________.

Back 71

antioxidants

Front 72

menaquinone and phylloquinone are both this type of vitamin

Back 72

vitamin K

Front 73

2 functions of vitamin K

Back 73

- blood clotting

- bone health

Front 74

this vitamin is called the sunshine vitamin

Back 74

vitamin D

Front 75

__________ in skin is converted to the inactive form of vitamin D

Back 75

cholesterol

Front 76

the inactive form of vitamin D is converted into the circulating form in the __________ and to the active form in the __________.

Back 76

liver and kidneys

Front 77

2 functions of vitamin D

Back 77

- active form acts as a hormone

- regulates calcium and phosphorus in bones

Front 78

an excess of vitamin D can cause __________.

Back 78

hypercalcemia (calcium deposits in kidneys, lungs, and blood vessels)

Front 79

a deficiency of vitamin D can cause __________.

Back 79

rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults

Front 80

the first B vitamin discovered, thiamin, is which B vitamin?

Back 80

B1

Front 81

3 functions of vitamin B1 thiamin

Back 81

- nerve impulse

- metabolism

- breaks down alcohol

Front 82

a deficiency of vitamin B1 thiamin can cause __________.

Back 82

beriberi (loss of appetite, weight, memory, and confusion)

Front 83

light-sensitive B vitamin, riboflavin

Back 83

B2

Front 84

function of vitamin B2 riboflavin

Back 84

energy metabolism

Front 85

an excess of vitamin B2 riboflavin can cause __________.

Back 85

bright yellow urine (not toxic)

Front 86

niacin is which B vitamin?

Back 86

B3

Front 87

3 functions of vitamin B3 niacin

Back 87

- energy metabolism

- synthesize fat and cholesterol

- healthy skin and digestive system

Front 88

B3 vitamin niacin can be made in the body from __________.

Back 88

tryptophan

Front 89

an excess of B3 vitamin niacin can cause __________.

Back 89

toxicity to liver

Front 90

a deficiency of B3 vitamin niacin can cause __________.

Back 90

pellagra (four D's): dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

Front 91

pyridoxine and related compounds are which B vitamin?

Back 91

B6

Front 92

4 functions of vitamin B6 pyridoxine

Back 92

- coenzyme

- make amino acids, converts tryptophan into B3

- immune and nervous system health

- metabolize fats and carbs

Front 93

an excess of vitamin B6 pyridoxine can cause __________.

Back 93

nerve damage

Front 94

a deficiency of vitamin B6 pyridoxine can cause ___________.

Back 94

sore tongue, depression, and confusion

Front 95

folate is which type of B vitamin?

Back 95

B9 (synthetic form is folic acid)

Front 96

function of B9 vitamin folate

Back 96

DNA synthesis

Front 97

deficiency of vitamin B9 folate can cause __________.

Back 97

deformations during pregnancy, macrocytic anemia

Front 98

B vitamin that contains cobalt

Back 98

B12

Front 99

3 functions of B12 vitamin

Back 99

- make DNA

- use certain fatty acids and amino acids

- healthy nerves and cells

Front 100

vitamin B12 requires this to be absorbed

Back 100

intrinsic factor

Front 101

a deficiency in B12 vitamin can cause __________.

Back 101

macrocytic anemia

Front 102

ascorbic acid is what vitamin?

Back 102

vitamin C

Front 103

7 functions of vitamin C

Back 103

- coenzyme

- makes collagen

- healthy bones, skin, blood vessels, and teeth

- immune system

- antioxidant

- helps absorb iron

- breaks down histamine

Front 104

a deficiency in vitamin C can cause __________.

Back 104

scurvy

Front 105

pantothenic acid (B5) and biotin function as __________.

Back 105

a coenzyme

Front 106

lubricant for joints, eyes, and saliva, and protective cushion for brain, organs, and a fetus

Back 106

water

Front 107

minerals that help maintain fluid balance

Back 107

electrolytes (Na, K, and Cl)

Front 108

dehydration can cause the concentration of this electrolyte to increase in the blood

Back 108

Na (decreased volume of blood)

Front 109

the thirst mechanism triggers the secretion of this to reduce urine production

Back 109

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 110

too much water intake can cause __________.

Back 110

hyponatremia (water intoxication)

Front 111

how much water do you need daily?

Back 111

approximately 1/2 your body weight

Front 112

minerals that you need >100 micrograms per day

Back 112

major minerals (macrominerals)

Front 113

minerals that you need <20 micrograms per day

Back 113

trace minerals (microminerals)

Front 114

the 4 trace minerals

Back 114

Fe, Zn, Cu, and I

Front 115

__________ increases the risk of hypertension

Back 115

Na

Front 116

most abundant mineral

Back 116

Ca

Front 117

not enough Ca mineral will cause __________.

Back 117

the release of Ca from bones

Front 118

2nd most abundant mineral

Back 118

P

Front 119

P mineral deficiency can cause __________.

Back 119

osteoperosis (low bone density is osteopenia, very low is osteoperosis)

Front 120

Mg mineral functions

Back 120

- coenzyme

- synthesizes protein

Front 121

2 types of Fe mineral

Back 121

heme and non-heme Fe

Front 122

functions of Zn mineral

Back 122

- coenzyme

- DNA synthesis, growth, and immune system

Front 123

function of F mineral

Back 123

protects teeth

Front 124

I mineral is needed by the __________.

Back 124

thyroid