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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All life has ___, where instructions are encoded
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DNA
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What is the primary information flow in the cell, sometimes called the "central dogma"?
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DNA --> RNA --> protein
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What must happen to the dna of a cell before it divides into two cells?
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DNA must:
replicate (2 DNA, 1 cell) mitosis (DNA moves to opposite sides of the cell) cytokinesis (separates into 2 cells) |
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the structure of DNA is usually in what shape or form?
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double helix
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When complementary strands of DNA are pulled apart, how does the cell know how to make each strand's new complement?
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When DNA is pulled apart, the cell knows how to make the complement by looking at the original half. Free floating DNA connect to the strands (A&T, C&G)
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How many chromosomes does a human diploid cell have?
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46 chromosomes
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Chromosomes come in pairs--where did each side come from?
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One chromosome came from the mother cell, the other comes from the father cell
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What are the five main stages of the cell cycle? What happens to the DNA in each of these stages?
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the four main stages of the cell cycle are:
Interphase-G1 (cell grows and carries out normal functions) Interphase-S (synthesis, replicating DNA) Interphase-G2 (cell carries on normally) Mitotic phase-Mitosis (DNA on 2 opposite sides) Mitotic phase-Cytokinesis (split into two daughter cells) |
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What stage is DNA replicated in?
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S (synthesis) phase
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The P53 gene is important to regulating the cell cycle: what type of human disease is the gene P53 related to?
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P53 is a tumor supressor gene, and when turned off, can lead to cancer
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Chromosomes take their shape in __________
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prophase
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Microtubules attach to sister chromatids in ___________
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metaphase
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Chromatids move to opposite ends/ become chromosomes in ____________
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anaphase
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Chromosomes decondense in ____________
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telophase/cytokinesis
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What causes cancer?
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Cancer is caused by mutations, often 5-10, in somatic cells (usually not inherited), cells grow out of control
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What is an oncogene?
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like ras, if turned on = cancer
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Do nuclear weapons pose a risk to the survival of human civilization?
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Nuclear weapons pose a risk to the survival of humans
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What is the difference between the original diploid cell, about to go through meiosis, and the resulting haploid cells?
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a diploid cell has 46 chromosomes, but after meiosis, it ends with four cells containing 23 chromosomes
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What is a chromosome?
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packaged DNA
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What is a chromatid?
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unduplicated chromosome, 1/2 a chromosome
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Prophase I is the most interesting stage of meiosis: why?
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Prophase I: crossing over occurs, forming tetrads
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What is a tetrad?
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2 homologus chromosomes
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When exactly during meiosis do the two attached chromatids of a chromosome separate from each other?
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Anaphase II
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What is independent assortment?
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the random distribution of homologus chromosome pairs during meiosis
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What was King Henry VIII's mistake?
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He had his genetic education backwards, shouldnt have killed wives becaues his X/Y chromosomes determine gender
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What is parthenogenesis?
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asexual reproduction-->all off spring identical to mother, all female species
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