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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two parts of the nervous system? |
1. Central Nervous System (CNS) *Brain and Spinal Cord 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) *Nervous tissue outside the brain and spine *Sense organs |
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What body structures are part of the CNS? |
Brain and spinal cord |
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What body structures are part of the PNS? |
Nervous tissue outside the brain and spine Sense organs |
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What two systems make up the peripheral nervous system? |
1. Somatic Nervous System 2. Autonomic Nervous System |
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What is the function of the somatic nervous system? |
*part of the PNS that controls voluntary movement *movement, controls skeletal muscles |
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What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? |
*part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions. *controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands |
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The autonomic nervous system is divided into what two systems? |
Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System is divided intotwo systems: *Parasympathetic division – “rest and digest” *Sympathetic division – stimulatorystress responses (flight or fightresponses) |
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When the parasympathetic system is activated, what happens within the body? |
Parasympathetic – rest and digest * Constricts eye pupils * Stimulate salivation * Slows heart rate * Constricts breathing * Dilates blood vessels * Stimulates digestion * Constricts bladder * Stimulates sex organs |
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When the sympathetic system is activated, what happens within the body? |
Sympathetic – fight or flight *dilates eye pupils *Inhibits salivation *Accelerates heart rate *Facilitates breathing *Stimulates secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine *Stimulates release of free glucose *Inhibits digestion *Relaxes bladder *Inhibits sex organs |
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What are relax actions? |
Reflex Actions *Sometime we need a really quickresponse – reacting to a hot stove. Wemay not have time to send the messageup to the brain to process the information. *The spinal cord can process theinformation and send a response back tothe motor nerves |
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What is the reflex arc? |
Reflex Arc * The pathway consisting of a sensoryreceptor, a sensory neuron, interneurons,a motor neuron and an effector (muscle) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. |
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What part of your PNS inhibits digestion? |
The sympathetic nervous system. |
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What parts of the body make up the central nervous system (CNS)? |
*Brain *Spinal cord |
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What protects the CNS? |
Protection of the CNS The CNS is protected by: 1. Bone (skull and vertebral column) 2. Meninges 3. Cerebrospinal fluid 4. Blood-Brain barrier |
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What is the blood-brain barrier? |
Tight cell junctions that keep things tight. Capillaries have a lot of tight junctions. |
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What are the meninges? |
The meningues are three connective tissues covering the brain and spinal cord. |
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What are the three layers of the meninges? |
Meninges There are three layers of the meninges: 1. Duramater–outer layer 2. Arachnoidmater–middle layer 3. Piamater–interlayer Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Meningitis Meningitis - Inflammation of the meninges It is caused by many forms of bacteria, viruses and fungi |
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What is meningitis? |
Meningitis Meningitis - Inflammation of the meninges *It is caused by many forms of bacteria, viruses and fungi *It can lead to encephalitis, an inflammationof the brain. |
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Why is the CNS susceptible to infection? |
The CNS is susceptible to infection because white blood cells cannot pass the blood-brain barrier. |
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What are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid? |
Function of Cerebrospinal Fluid Functions: 1. Shock absorption 2. Support the weight of the brain 3. Nourishment and waste removal |
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What is the function of the blood-brain barrier? |
Blood-brain barrier * Permits certain substances to enter thebrain, while inhibiting others from entering * It inhibits many drugs that are not lipidsoluble from reaching brain tissue |
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List additional information about the blood-brain barrier. |
Functions of the BBB The BBB has several important functions: 1.Protects the brain from "foreign substances" in the blood that may injure the brain. 2.Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body. 3.Maintains a constant environment for the brain. |
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What is the innermost layer of the meninges? |
Pia Mater |
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Where is the spinal cord located and what is its function? |
Spinal Cord * Spinal cord extends from the base of thebrain down the back – transmits messagesbetween the brain and the rest of the body * There is cerebrospinal fluid in a central canal Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinal Cord I |
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What is in the central canal of the spinal cord? |
cerebrospinal fluid |
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Describe the "white matter" and "gray matter of the spinal cord. |
*If you look at a cross section of the spinalcord you will see “white matter” and “greymatter” *The white matter is myelinated axons * Grey matter is mainly cell bodies and non-myelinated axons |
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What is important to know about myelinated axons? |
Myelinated axons increase speed |
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What does dorsal mean? |
1. of, relating to, or situated at the back, or dorsum. 2.Anatomy, Zoology.situated on or toward the upper side of the body, equivalent to the back, or posterior, in humans. 3.situated on or toward the posterior plane in humans or toward the upper plane in quadrupeds. |
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What does ventral mean? |
adjective 1.relating to the front part of the body; towards the belly Opposite of dorsal |
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Picture of the brain and the meringes |
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Name the different parts of the brain |
The Brain 1.Cerebrum * Cerebral cortex * Hippocampus * amygdala 2.Hypothalamus 3.Thalamus 4.Cerebellum 5.Brain stem – midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata 6.(Pineal gland and Pituitary gland is in the brain but it is part of the endocrine system) |
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What two glands are in the brain, but are part of the endocrine system? |
Pineal gland and pituitary gland |
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What is the function of the brain and the cerebral cortex? |
The Brain * The Brain is the control center * The cerebral cortex of the cerebrum is the thinking, conscious part of the brain (responsible for higher level thinking) |
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Where is the cerebral cortex located and what is its function? |
*Located in the In the cerebrum *Function: higher level thinking |
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Why are the folds in the cerebrum important? |
The folds increase the surface area of the cerebrum - more cerebral cortex |
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What three parts of the brain are contained within the cerebrum? |
Cerebrum Contains: 1. Cerebral cortex 2. Hippocampus 3. Amygdala |
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What are the functions of cerebrum? |
Cerebrum Functions as the sensory area for touch,vision, hearing, and olfaction as well as association areas for interpreting sensations, language, thinking, decision making, self-awareness, creativity, and storing memories. |
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What is the cerebral cortex and what are its functions? |
Cerebrum – Cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex - The thin outer layer of thecerebrum is where most of the higherthinking and processing takes place. *Contains sensory areas (post-central gyrus) *Contains motor areas (pre-central gyrus) *Prefrontal region of the cerebral cortex is responsible for decision making (fully developed in late teens/20s) *Folding increases surface area by about 3x *Sulci are the folds or furrows *Gyri are the ridges |
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What is the corpus callous and where is it located? |
*Located beneath the cortex is the white matter *corpus callous - band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres |
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What is the function of the hippocampus and the function of the amygdala? Where are they located? |
Both are located in the cerebrum. *Hippocampus – important in long termmemory. Amygdala – important in remembering fear and responding to it. |
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What is the function of the thalamus? |
Thalamus – Processes sensory information(except smell) and relays it to other areas of brain |
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What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
Functions of hypothalamus: 1. maintains homeostasis: Controls heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, body temperature 2. regulates drives including hunger, thirst, sex 3.controls the pituitary gland secretions |
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What is the function of the cerebellum? |
Cerebellum Cerebellum – maintains balance and coordination,refines motor skills, new motor skills (playing piano) |
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What three components make up the brain stem? |
Brain Stem Contains: * Medulla oblongata * Midbrain * Pons |
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata? |
Brain Stem – Medulla oblongata *Medulla oblongata – controls many vital involuntary functions including breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure *Where the crossing over point is for many neural tracks (ou can be brain dead, but still alive because breathing etc. keeps going) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Brain Stem - Pons Function of the pons: Assists the medulla oblongata to control involuntary breathing Relays messages between the spinal cord andthe cerebellum with the cerebrum, thalamus,and hypothalmus |
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What is the function of the pons? |
Brain Stem - Pons Function of the pons: Assists the medulla oblongata to control involuntary breathing Relays messages between the spinal cord and the cerebellum with the cerebrum, thalamus,and hypothalmus |
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What is the function of the midbrain? |
Brain Stem - Midbrain Functions of Midbrain * Important in voluntary muscle control * Relay station for auditory and visual information * Relays information between the cerebellum or spinal cord and the cerebrum * Controls eye movement |
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Picture of the brain and brain stem. |
p |
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What two glands are in the brain but are part of the endocrine system? |
Pituitary gland and the pineal gland |
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What region of the brain is where most of the higher thinking and processing takes place? |
Cerebral Cortex |
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What region of the brain is the region important in long term memory? |
Hippocampus |
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What region of the brain regulates drives including hunger, maintains homeostasis, controls the pituitary gland? |
Hypothalamus |
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What region of the brain is important in remembering fear and responding to it? |
Amygdala |
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What is encephalitis? |
An inflammation of the brain |
