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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aquatic Biomes: Marine
Oceans |
Intertidal
pelagic abyssal coral reefs estuaries |
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Intertidal
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-coastal; where oceans meet land
o Organisms exist attached to surfaces or burrow; mollusks, barnacles, starfish |
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Pelagic
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-open water; largest aquatic biome
o Example: fish, whales, dolphins |
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Pelagic: photic
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contains phytoplankton and zooplankton
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Pelagic: aphotic
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no sunlight
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Abyssal
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-deep sea, high pressure, cold
o Example: deep sea hydrothermal vent communities: highly productive chemoautotrophic bacteria provide base of food chain |
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Coral reefs
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In warm shallow waters; around boundaries of continents or islands
o Symbiosis/ mutualistic relationship between cnidarians and algae |
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Algae
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provides coral with food
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Cnidarians
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provides structure/habitat
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Estuaries
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-where rivers mix with oceans
o Brackish water: mix of sea and freshwater oNesting areas for waterfowl; breeding grounds for fish; includes salt marshes |
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Terrestrial Biomes
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-Tropical forest-Savanna (tropical)-Desert-Chaparral -Temperate grassland -Temperate deciduous forest -Coniferous forest (taiga= northern coniferous forest)-Tundra -Polar ice
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Effects of Climate patterns
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Warmer air at equator, cooler air at higher altitudes
-More heating at equator causes air to rise -Rising air cools and precipitation occurs -Dry air moves toward higher latitudes |
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Climate Patterns in oceans and lakes
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o Moderating effects
• Absorb heat and release heat when the air is cold |
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Climate patterns in oceans
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o Temperature cooler at higher altitudes o On one side of mountain range water evaporates from ocean, then rises/rains; other side of mountain arid
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Tropical Rainforest
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Heavy Rainfall-Dense stand of trees (canopy)
• Many climbing plants to overcome light competition •Epiphytes: plants grow on trees (ex. Orchids)-Low air movement; high humidity |
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Savanna
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Grassland with few trees (not enough rainfall to support forests)
-Edges of tropical forest -Wet and dry season -Fires important abiotic factors: help plants reestablish • Plants and trees adapted to fires (underground storage and heat resistant bark) |
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Desert
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-Low rainfall
• Cold desert: Antarctic • Hot desert: Sahara -Sparse vegetation -In hot desert, plants adapted to low moisture • Example: Cactus spines have decreased surface area to prevent water evaporation -In hot desert, many nocturnal animals |
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Chaparral
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-Mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
-Coastal areas -Dry, woody shrubs -Fire: release minerals into soil |
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Temperate Grassland
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-Example: Great plains
-Lower rainfall and cooler temperature than savanna -Fire and grazing prevent growth of trees |
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Temperate deciduous forrest
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-Large portion of US (the biome we are in)
-Trees lose leave in fall (deciduous)-Some animals hibernate in winter |
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Coniferous Forest
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-Conifers (pine and spruce)
-Soil poor because of low temperatures -Northern coniferous forest called taiga (largest terrestrial biome) -Temperate coniferous forest (ex. Florida) • Costal areas • Pine, cypress, Douglas fir |
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Tundra
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-Arctic areas
-No trees -shrubs, mosses, lichens and grasses -Permafrost - permanently frozen soil -Carbon dioxide sink due to low decomposition -Alpine Tundra: Tops of mountains Terrestrial Biomes: Polar Ice -Antarctica / Arctic-Cold, dry windy -Primary producers (main organisms that make organic compounds from carbon dioxide): in polar ice -phytoplankton |
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Global Warming
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Caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone
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Greenhouse Effect
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high levels of these gases trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere and increase temperature
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Effects
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• Loss of permafrost, glaciers and sea ice
• Rise in sea level • Changes in precipitation patterns |
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Evidence
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• Migration of animals suited to warmer climates farther north
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Carbon Footprint
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Total amount of greenhouse gases produced by person or household
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population ecology
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-study of factors that affect the number of individuals of the same species in a certain area
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Population density
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Number of individuals per area or volume
• example per/km(2) or per/mL |
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Survivorship
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-Chance individual will survive to a certain age
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Survivorship curve
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plot of number of individuals still alive at each age of lifespan
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Type 1
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• Most organisms survive to older intervals
• High survivorship early and middle life • Few offspring, most survive • Example: Large mammals |
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Type 2
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• Survivorship constant over lifespan
• Mortality not dependent on age • Constant death rate • Example: rodents (small mammals), birds, coral |
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Type 3
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• Lots of offspring, low survivorship
• Frogs spawning, plants with lots of seeds |
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Life history: opportunistic
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o Short life span
o Small organisms o Produce lots of offspring at early age o Little parental care o Colonize area with harsh/ unpredictable conditions o May only produce once o Example: Dandelions, roaches, bacteria |
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Life history: equilibrial
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-may have type 1 survivorship
o Long life span o Larger organisms o Produce few offspring later in life o High amount of parental care o Reproduce in stable conditions o Reproduce more than once o Example: primates, lion, elephants |
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Exponential
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• Growth of population in ideal environment
• Unlimited by food, space, etc… • More births than death • Seen in organisms with opportunistic life history • Example: Recolonization of plants in area after a fire |
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Logistical
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• More common
• Population limited by food and space o Carrying capacity |
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Carrying capacity
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Carrying capacity: maximum number of individuals a population can support; births and deaths equal; growth rate is zero
Example: Bacteria growing in culture with limited food source |
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Density dependent factors
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o Factors that limit population with increasing density
• Limited food, space, effects of disease |
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Intraspecific competition
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competition for resources between members of the same species
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