Bio 104 Exam 3

Front 1

Star Coral

Back 1

Small, doesn’t build coral reefs, found in higher salinity waters

Front 2

Cancer Crabs

Back 2

Jonah Crab and Rock Crab, both higher salinity, rounder, decapod crustaceans, both have nine spines on the carapace
SMOOTH OR GROOVED TEETH ON CARAPACE SEP THE TWO CRABS

Front 3

Jonah Crabs

Back 3

creamy yellow, reddish carapace with yellow spots across it, serated/ grooved teeth or spines

Front 4

Rock Crab

Back 4

teeth are smooth, more yellowish on top with small purply brown dots

Front 5

Pelagic Zone

Back 5

Open ocean- fish that swim a lot- active pelagic swimming carnivorous predators (not bottom feeders)
Tuna fish, mackerel
Forage- food for other fishes

Front 6

Blue Fish

Back 6

Pelagic Zone
open ocean pelagic fishes, enter bay to feed not spawn, can be from 15- 20 lbs., varied populations, soft flesh fish, silvery with greenish grey back

Front 7

Weakfish and Spotted Trout

Back 7

Pelagic Zone
closely related
Weakfish has more prominent diagonal stripes on its dorsal surface/ sea trout does not
Lower jaw of a weak fish does not extend as far as the spotted sea trout

Front 8

Red Drum

Back 8

Pelagic Zone
4 feet, 50 pounds, lower part of bay, copper collared fish with black spot by its tail

Front 9

Black Drum

Back 9

Pelagic Zone
grows to 100 pounds, grayish silvery with black bands on the side; whisker like structures come off lower jaw- called bar bells; sensory structures on bottom feeding fish- black drum is a bottom feeder; strong jaws and cutting plates to chomp on

Front 10

Tuna

Back 10

Pelagic Zone
fish aggregating in big schools, primarily oceanic, during migration they feed at bottom of bay; 4th or 5th trophic level feeders streamlined; possess finlets (a small, detached ray of a fin) that they can fold down and then elevate them back up to maneuver

Front 11

Northern and Southern King

Back 11

Pelagic Zone
fish: 36in long, lower part of bay, only northern king fish possesses a single bar bell and extended spine, both are bottom feeding fish, sometimes called itake

Front 12

Puffer Fish

Back 12

Pelagic Zone
inflates itself when under predation, bottom feeders

Front 13

Sturgeon

Back 13

Pelagic Zone
cumbersome fish- doesn’t swim fast, can weigh hundreds of lbs., comes from salt water to fresh water on order to breed

Front 14

Tautog

Back 14

chunky looking, comes into bay in summer, small teeth eat mollusks, snails, little clams

Front 15

Porgieous

Back 15

two def kinds, both found in lower part of bay: scup: Silvery fish w/ horizontal stripes, and sheeps head: vertical stripes

Front 16

Southern Stingray

Back 16

clear nose skates that have a thicker tail and lack a spine on it; rays give birth to living young, skates lay eggs

Front 17

Mammals and Sea Turtles

Back 17

Hotter/drier summer causes them to move up in bay, usually in deeper waters

Front 18

Bottle Nosed Dolphin

Back 18

feed on catfish and crabs, can get up to 1000 lbs.

Front 19

Loggerhead Turtle

Back 19

biggest sea turtle in bay, females come in bays sandy beaches to lay eggs; eat jellyfish (confuse plastic bags with them)

Front 20

Diving Ducks

Back 20

able to dive under water, swim around, and come up; feet located to back of their body (allows them to swim), cant walk around, most need momentum to fly; types of diving ducks:

Front 21

Bufflehead

Back 21

small, prominent, white side of head, colored bill, “pretty”, able to dive AND jump off water, found late fall  feb around Bay, feeds on crustacean, snails, little fish; nests in old woodpecker holes in trees; legally hunted

Front 22

Goldeneye

Back 22

bright yellow eye, small, nest in tree cavities, called “whistlers”, fast fliers- wings make whistling sound; are legally hunted; foun in brackish salt water- mid bay and south; good swimmers

Front 23

Old Squaw

Back 23

(Long Tailed Duck) male has very long tail, very deep divers- 100ft depth, use wings and feet to swim deep, stay underwater a long time, comes to bay later in season, found throughout bay

Front 24

Scaup

Back 24

- lesser scaup found bay side, greater scaup found Oceanside, bill is bright baby blue, heads are dark blue, most commonly shot diving duck in Chesapeake bay

Front 25

Scoters

Back 25

appear in large flocks, hunted but not eaten, dark brown, blackish, large; whitewinged scoter: largest, most common male also has white behind the eye; surf scoter: found in surf, conspicuous markings on head- white, black, and orange spots, black scoter- (black)

Front 26

Loon

Back 26

- large, come down in winter, are in NE for summer, active feeding on fish, found in mouth of chester, choptank, and south

Front 27

Inter tidal Communities

Back 27

Any area in between tides
Covered up by high tides, uncovered by low tides
Temperature is not constant

Front 28

Rocky Shoreline

Back 28

not many in Cbay, mostly found in CA, OR, NE, rough for animals and plants to live because of temperatures and physical stress, based on their feeding patterns (detritus, grazer)

Front 29

Upper tidal Area

Back 29

least covered by tide, terrestrial, blue green algae, upper pulmonate lichens, temperature changes, littorina- snail, periwinkle, wind, drying out, chitons, snails, grazer community (graze on algae) crustaceans found: amphipods (laterally compressed scuds, i.e. little shrimp) and isopods (dorsal ventrally compressed); resistant to drying out

Front 30

Middle Tidal Area

Back 30

: barnacle and mussel zone (bivalvia); can withstand drying out; life cycle of a barnacle: “nauplius” : larva  cypris larvasettle out on something permanently; rockweed, brown algae (provides protection), mussels: have byssal threads (hair like structures mussels grow to attach to things with)

Front 31

Lower Tidal

Back 31

Competition for space, exhibits the greatest biodiversity (least stressful); echinoderms especially seastars, brittle stars, sea urchins

Front 32

Tide Pools

Back 32

area on rocky shoreline where water is left in crevices of shoreline after the tide recedes and water remains; temperature varies a lot, salinity concentration increases as temperature increases; carbonate buffer system

Front 33

Mud Flat

Back 33

two types of sediment, silt and sand; green algae washed up here- sea lettuce- ulva) infauna- clams, worms, epifauna- crabs, etc.

Front 34

Fiddler Crabs

Back 34

: male has one claw that is greatly enlarged and believed to be some kind of sexual attraction for female
Three species:, uca pughax, uca pugilator, uca minax

Front 35

Uca pughax

Back 35

- marsh/ mud; smallest fiddler crab

Front 36

Uca Pugilator

Back 36

sandy areas, tolerant of most salinities; midsize

Front 37

Uca Minax

Back 37

red jointed fiddler crab prefers muddy sediments and brackish (mid salinity) to low salinity; is largest of 3 species

Front 38

Wharf Crab

Back 38

Eyes at edge of their shell

Front 39

Hermit Crabs

Back 39

Soft Pliable Structure

Front 40

Posobranch Snails

Back 40

live in water, have gills
Nassarius and ilyanasa are mud snails
Moon snails- shark eyes
Whelks- live in high salinity; knobbed, large, channeled- commercially important

Front 41

Otter Troll

Back 41

: net tolled behind a boat tied off at ends so fish don’t go in one end and out the other; 14 ft wide opening, 4.5 ft deep; top kept open by floats; held down at bottom by weighted chain

Front 42

Slipper Shells

Back 42

crepidula fornicate- males can reach down to females and fertilize them; all are males at birth- as they grow some turn into females; found mostly in lower bay

Front 43

Clams

Back 43

can be found in huge numbers in varied salinities; burrowing clams dig into sediment using foot; have siphon tube and pair of siphons (2 kinds of siphons- incurrent and excurrent)

Front 44

Mya Arenaria

Back 44

soft shelled clams; thinner and more brittle shell; “steamers” “mananor” commercially important all over east coast, densest population found in mid range salinities; have a big foot and can burrow deeply

Front 45

Mercenaria

Back 45

hard shell, found in high salinity waters (CT, Cape Cod to Jersey Shore); short siphon tubes so clam cant burrow more deeply into sediment

Front 46

Macoma

Back 46

boat zone; chalky white shell, unequal length siphons- (incurrent)

Front 47

Rangia Clam

Back 47

found in brackish waters, mid- low range salinities

Front 48

Beach hopper(long antennae) and Beach Flea (short antennae)

Back 48

commonly found amphipods; found high on beach

Front 49

Horseshoe Crab

Back 49

: Arthropod used for eel bait, increased regulation, ecologically important- lay eggs in spring which is important food supply for migrating shore birds, important in bio medical research

Front 50

Ghost Crab

Back 50

live on sandy beaches, primarily propocular (dawn dusk), live in burrows in sand, have a huge group of underground tunnels

Front 51

Mole Crab

Back 51

2 kinds of antennae, one catches food, one breathes

Front 52

Gulls and Terns

Back 52

1. terns are more graceful and streamlined
2. terns have deeper wing beats
3. terns often fly with heads and bill pointed downwards
4. gulls usually fly with heads and bills pointed straight ahead
5. most terns have a forked tail
6. most gulls have rounded or squared tail
7. most terns dive in water for food
8. most gulls skim water

Front 53

Herring Gull

Back 53

25”, larger, most common gull, 4 years to attain sexual maturity; pinkish legs, yellow bill with bright red spot on lower bill; opportunistic feeders

Front 54

Laughing Gull

Back 54

found in bay during warmer months, black head, red/orange feet, reddish bill

Front 55

Great Blackbacked Gull

Back 55

: white head/ breast, prominent black back, largest gull

Front 56

Ring Billed Gull

Back 56

slightly smaller than herring gull; black ring on bill; yellow bill/ legs, live in land/ behind tractors and agriculture

Front 57

Common Tern

Back 57

orange/ red bill with black tip; black legs

Front 58

Caspian Tern

Back 58

largest tern (1/2 size herring gull), orange/ red bill with a black tip; black legs, smooth with small tuft on head, black top of head

Front 59

Royal Tern

Back 59

black top of head with large tuft (crown), yellow bill, no black tip

Front 60

Least Tern

Back 60

smaller, yellow bill/ black tip, white forehead, sharper bill

Front 61

Sanderlings

Back 61

black bills/ feet, smaller than ruddy turnovers, follow surf

Front 62

Willet

Back 62

white feather pattern across wing to tail to wing

Front 63

Ruddy Turnstone

Back 63

stocky (short heavy build); rust colored sack

Front 64

Killfish

Back 64

Shallow Waters: greenish brown, rounded/ squared tails, profounding lower jaw

Front 65

Striped Killfish

Back 65

Shallow Waters:male has vertical strips, Female has horizontal stripes

Front 66

Banded Killfish

Back 66

Shallow Waters:skinnier head, bluer bands

Front 67

Rainwater Killfish

Back 67

Shallow Waters:smallest, no markings

Front 68

Anchovies Silverslides

Back 68

tell them apart by opening their mouths: silver sides are much smaller; both have a silver band that runs down their sides, silver side has 2 dorsal fins and pointy head; Bay Anchovy has a single fin and rounded head

Front 69

Needlefish

Back 69

active predator, sharp teeth

Front 70

American Shad

Back 70

Anadromous: silvery, big scales, soft flesh, scaled ridge on stomach, are in trouble because of pollution, over fishing, and dams

Front 71

Menhaden

Back 71

Anodramous: oily, bunker, forage fish, used for fertilizer, chicken food, oils for paint

Front 72

Hogchoker

Back 72

Flat Fishes, small flat fish, found throughout bay

Front 73

Summer/ Winter Flounder

Back 73

Flat Fishes, come into bay to spawn at different times of year; are commercially and recreationally important

Front 74

Spot (Drum Family)

Back 74

silvery, found in mid- lower bay near piers and rock piles, black spot on side of gills, tail is slightly forked

Front 75

Croaker (drum family)

Back 75

silvery with pink sheen with stripes; no forked tail, has a bar bell on chin,

Front 76

Eels

Back 76

spends life in heads of rivers and freshwaters, Sargasso sea go to spawn every 7 or 8 years, mate and die, young come back up; active nocturnally; feed on clams, commercially important (best bait for blue crabs), catch and ship to Japan for delicacy

Front 77

Channel Catfish

Back 77

largest type (up to 4 ft.), greenish white with spots, normally found in deeper waters, deeply forked tail and dark barbells

Front 78

Whitecatfish

Back 78

up to 2 ft., found more often in shallow waters, grayish white with no spots, tail is slightly forked, light in color bar bells

Front 79

Brown Bullhead

Back 79

brown gray mottled, smaller, tail is not forked, dark barbells

Front 80

Black Crappie

Back 80

Jaw extends out

Front 81

Largemouth Bass

Back 81

Jaw extends past the eye when closed.

Front 82

Mute Swan

Back 82

Shallow water birds:“s” shaped neck, wings are elevated over their body, black at base of orange bill with a knob

Front 83

Tundra Swan

Back 83

Shallow water birds:straight neck, wings lower on the body, migrate annually, yellow slash on black bill, gunning season on them in VA and NC

Front 84

Redheaded Merganser

Back 84

Shallow water birds:diving duck, eats fish, long bill, green head, white around neck

Front 85

Belted Kingfisher

Back 85

Waders along edge of water:bluish/ grayish, white around neck, big bill, lives along streams/ rivers- not out in bay

Front 86

Great Blue Heron

Back 86

Waders along edge of water: breeds/ roosts in trees, here year round

Front 87

Great Egret

Back 87

Waders along edge of water: : white, prominent yellow bill, black legs and feet, nests in solitary (ones and twos) in tree

Front 88

Snowy Egret

Back 88

Waders along edge of water: “egret with golden slippers”, nests in groups, black bill, yellow feet, black legs

Front 89

Yellow Legs

Back 89

Waders along edge of water:found at end of marshes: greater yellowlegs: bill upturns at end (a little); lesser yellowlegs: bill is straight