Bio 104

Front 1

Tissue Types

Back 1

Ectoderm (outer skin, nerve system)

Mesoderm (muscle, skeleton, etc)

Endoderm (lining of gut, digestive system)

Front 2

Have plasma proteins extending between neighboring cells to bind cells tightly.

Back 2

Tight junctions (Bar free passage)

Front 3

Have cytoskeletal elements joining internal plaques in neighboring cells.

Back 3

Adhering junctions (hold cells in place)

Front 4

Form when two identical plasma membrane channels of neighboring cells join so that ions and small molecules pass between cells.

Back 4

Gap Junctions (rapid communication)

Front 5

Two basic types of cells

Back 5

Somatic cells (most of the body) make up tissues

Germ cells (gametes) fuse to form embryo

Front 6

Basic types of animal tissue

Back 6

Epithelial
connective
muscular
nerve tissue

Front 7

Simple epithelium

Back 7

Consists of a single layer of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar); wall of capillaries

Front 8

Pseudo-stratified epithelium

Back 8

Appears layered, but actually all cells contact the basement membrane

Front 9

Stratified epithelium

Back 9

Consists of two or more layers of cells; example:skin.
(outer layer of skin is stratified squamous epithelium, but the cells have been reinforced by keratin)

Front 10

Three cells shapes in epithelial tissue

Back 10

Flat (squamous)

Isodiametric (cuboidal)

Column shape (columnar)

Front 11

Types of Glandular epithelium

Back 11

Exocrine glands often secrete through ducts to free surfaces; they secrete mucus, saliva, wax, milk, etc.

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into intercellular fluid for distribution by the blood.

Front 12

Glandular epithelium

Back 12

A gland can be a single epithelial cell or a group of cells that secrete products into the lumen of or onto the lining of a tube or cavity, into blood, or to outside of the body.

Front 13

Connective tissues
functions

Back 13

Binds structures together, provides support and protection, fills spaces, stores fat, and forms blood cells.

Connective tissue provides source cells for muscle and skeletal cells in animals that regenerate parts

Front 14

Connective tissue
Groups

Back 14

Fibrous connective tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Supportive connective tissue

Front 15

Fibrous connective tissue

Back 15

Loose connective tissue

Dense, irregular connective tissue

Dense, regular connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Front 16

Loose connective tissue
(fibrous)

Back 16

Supports epithelia and organs and surrounds blood vessels and nerves; ontains fibroblast cells and fibers plus macrophages

Front 17

Dense, irregular connective tissue
(fibrous)

Back 17

has thicker fibers and more of them, but fewer cells; it forms protective capsules around organs.

Front 18

Dense, regular connective tissue
(fibrous)

Back 18

has parallel bundles of fibers; this is the arrangement found in tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone)

Front 19

Adipose tissue
(fibrous)

Back 19

Functions in fat storage

Front 20

Organs that come from Ectoderm

Back 20

Outer skin, Nerve system

Front 21

Organs that come from Mesoderm

Back 21

muscle, skeleton, etc

Front 22

Organs that come from Endoderm

Back 22

lining of gut, digestive system.

Front 23

Where do Red blood cells form?

Back 23

red bone marrow from stem cells

Front 24

where do white blood cells come from?

Back 24

Stem cells in bone marrow

Front 25

3 main functions of lymphatic system

Back 25

Lymphatic vessels absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream.

Lacteals receive lipoproteins at the inestinal villi and the lympatic vessels transport these fats to the bloodstream

The lymphatic system is responsible for the production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes.

Front 26

Thymus Gland

Back 26

Located along trachea behind the sternum (primary lympatic organ)

Each lobule consists of epithelial cells which produce thymic hormones that aid in maturation of T-Lymphocytes

Front 27

Red bone marrow

Back 27

Origin for all blood cells, including all leukocytes.

In adults only skull, sternum, ribs, clavicle, pelvic bones, and vertebral column have red bone marrow.

Front 28

Spleen

Back 28

(secondary lymph organ) Located in upper left abdominal cavity just below diaphragm.

Like lymph node, but larger and cleans blood. Can be replaced, but increases vulnerability to infection

Front 29

Lymph nodes

Back 29

Small ovoid structures located along lympatic vessels.

contains nodules, packed with B-lymphocytes. Cleans lymph.

Front 30

Other lymphatic organs

Back 30

Tonsils-lymph nodes around nose and mouth

Peyers Patches. In intestinal wall and vermiform appendix. Fight pathogens in intestinal tract.

Front 31

Liver

Back 31

Secretes bile (gall bladder), and pigments and lacithin. Emulsifies fats into micelles to aid in digestion.

Also, detoxifies blood, makes plasma protiens(albumin and fibrinogen), destroys old RBC and converts hemoglobin to bilirubin and biliverdin, stores glucose as glycogen, and produces urea from amino groups and ammonia.

Front 32

Structure of G.I. tract

Back 32

Mucosa- Secretory cells that serve digestive functions and absorb.

Submucosa- connective tissue that contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves

muscularis- layer of muscle containing longitudinal, oblige, and circular muscles.

Serosa- tough outer membrane connected to the abdominal wall.

Front 33

Peristalsis-where

Back 33

Pushes food along along tract through contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles

Front 34

Segmentation-where

Back 34

In small intestine segmentation consisting of coordinated contraction of rings of muscles mixes the contents of the lumen and facilitates absorption

Front 35

Pancreas- function

Back 35

Secretes enzymes which breakdown carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acid, and bicarbonate which neutralize the intestinal contents

Front 36

secreted by pancreas, digests fats to fatty acids and monoglycerides

Back 36

pancreatic lipase

Front 37

secreted by pancreas, digests polysaccharides to disaccharides

Back 37

pancreatic amylase

Front 38

secreted by pancreas, digests DNA and RNA to nucleotides

Back 38

Pancreatic nucleases

Front 39

Travel of air to lungs

Back 39

nasal cavities --> pharynx --> larynx-->epiglottis(over)-->glottis-->trachea-->bronchi--->bronchioles-->alveolar ducts

Front 40

Hemoglobin + oxygen

Back 40

Oxygen diffuses down pressure gradient to blood, binds to hemoglobin (4 molecules/hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin)

Hemoglobin gives up oxygen in tissues where pp of O2 is low, blood is warmer, pp of C02 is high, and pH is lower. This happens in tissues with high metabolism

Front 41

Hemoglobin + CO2

Back 41

Carbon Dioxide is higher in body tissues and diffuses into blood.
7% dissolves in plasma, 23& binds with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin, 70% is in bicarbonate form.