Bio 1030 - Week 1

Front 1

The blending vs the particulate hypothesis

Back 1

Blending: 1800, genetic material contributed by the two parents mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow pains blend to make green. Predicts over many generations that a freely mating pop will give rise to a uniform population

Particulate: analogous to a deck of cards. genes are shuffled and passed along. parents pass on discrete heritable units - genes - that retain their separate identities in offspring. This hypothesis helps to explain reappearance of traits after several generations

Front 2

Holes in the blending hypothesis

Back 2

-predicts we will give rise to a uniform population however:

-everyday observations contradict

-results of breeding experiments contradict

-fails to explain other phenomena of inheritance such as traits reappearing after skipping a generation

Front 3

Through his experiment with pea plants, what theory, and through what mechanism did Mendel documents?

Back 3

Inheritance theory, through a Particulate mechanism.

Front 4

Character vs Trait

Back 4

Character is a heritable feature that varies among individuals ex: flower colour

Trait is each variant for a character ex: purple or white flower colour

Front 5

Advantages of using pea plants

Back 5

-short generation time

-large number of offspring

-strictly control mating

-able to self fertilize, each had a sperm producing organ (stamen) and an egg producing organ (carpal)

-available in many varieties (many traits in a character ex: flower colour)

Front 6

Mendel is known as the _______

Back 6

father of genetics

Front 7

genetics vs heredity

Back 7

heredity: transmission of trait from one generation to the next

genetics: the study of heredity and heredity variation

Front 8

How did Mendel cross-pollanate

Back 8

-all were self-pollenating with an egg and a sperm producing organ

-was able to cross-pollinate (fert between diff plants)

-involved dusting one plant with another plants pollen

-used two contrasting true-breeding pea varieties

Front 9

True breeding

Back 9

varieties that over many generations of self-pollination produce only the same variety as the parent plant

-purple flowers only giving rise to purple flowers

Front 10

Hybirdization

Back 10

The mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.

Front 11

True breeding parents are called______

Hybrid offspring of true breeding parents are called _______

When offspring self-pollinate or cross-pollinate, their offspring are called _______

Back 11

P gen (parent)

F1 gen (filial)

F2 gen

Front 12

What would have happened if Mendel had stopped his experiments after the F1 generation?

Back 12

he would have missed the basic patterns of inheritance

Front 13

What are the two fundamental principles of heredity developed by Mendal as a result of his pea plant experiments and analysis

Back 13

1. The law of independent assortment

2. The law of segregation

Front 14

We now call Mendel's "heritable factor" a _______

Back 14

gene

Front 15

The law of segregation

Back 15

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

Thus: an egg and sperm get only one of the two alleles that are present in the somatic cells of the organism making the gamate.

-crossing F1 hybrids results in a 3:1 ratio in F2

-dominant and recessive traits

-factor for recessive was not diluted because if

Front 16

when Mendel crossed F1 hybrids the results were:

Back 16

Most F2 were purple but some were white, a 3:1 ratio

Front 17

when Mendel crossed true-breeding White and Purple, the results were _______

Back 17

F1 were all purple

Front 18

Mendel's Model (4)

Back 18

1. Alleles: Alternative versions of genes accounts for variations in inherited characters (example, different alleles as a result of diff genetic nucleotide sequence on the same locus, on same chromosome).

2. 2 alleles (can be Het or homo)

For each character, an organism inherits two copies of a gene - one from each parent

3. D&R: If two alleles at a locus differ, then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism's appearance. The other,recessive, has no noticeable effect

4. The law of segregation

Front 19

Alleles

Back 19

Alternative version of a gene

ex: the gene for the flower colour of pea plants

Front 20

locus

Back 20

a specific location - on a specific chromosome that holds the specific sequence of nucleotides for a gene

Front 21

Which concept of Mendel's model corresponds to the ditribution of the two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes to different gamates?

Back 21

The law of segregation:

Two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.

Thus: an egg and sperm get only one of the two alleles that are present in the somatic cells of the organism making the gamate.

Front 22

Heterozygous vs Homozygous

Back 22

Homo: organism with two identical alleles

Hetero: organism with two diff alleles

Front 23

Phenotype vs Geneotype

Back 23

Phenotype: observable trait

Genotype: genetic makeup (alleles)

Front 24

How can we tell the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype?

Back 24

Testcross: breeding an organism of an unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote

-if any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be heterozygous

Front 25

The law of independent assortment

Back 25

Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation

Medel followed only a single character (such as colour)

Front 26

Monohybrid Cross

Back 26

A test cross between heterozygotes

Front 27

Monohybrid

Back 27

-F1 progeny (of true-breeding)

-Heterozygous for one particular character being followed in a test cross

Front 28

The law of independent assortment

Back 28

each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamate formation

Front 29

Mendel identified The law of independent assortment by following _____ characters at the same time, such as seed _______ and seed ______ shape

Back 29

Two, colour, shape

Front 30

Dihybrids

Back 30

individuals that are heterozygous for the two characters being followed in the cross (YyRr)

Front 31

Are two characters being transmitted from parents to offspring, get transmitted as a package?

Back 31

No, hybrids do not have to transmit their alleles in the same combinations in which the alleles were inherited from the P generation.

If this were the case, they would only create two classes of gamates (YR and yr). This would be called dependent assortment.

-genes are packaged in gamates in all possible allelic combinations

-only true for alleles that are on DIFFERENT chroms or far from each other

Front 32

What law was the outcome of Mendal's dihybrid experiment?

Back 32

The law of independent assortment

Front 33

An experiment that can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package (dependently) or independently is called a:

Back 33

dihybrid cross

Front 34

_________ govern Mendel's 2 laws

Back 34

the laws of probability

Front 35

What are the two basic rules of probability that can help predict the outcome of the fusion of gametes in both simple monohybrid crosses and more complicated crosses

Back 35

1. The multiplication and addition rules

2. solving complex genetics

Front 36

Multiplication rule

Back 36

to determine this probability, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event

-used in F1 monohybrid cross

Front 37

Addition rule

Back 37

the probability that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

-used the probability of a F2 heterozygote