Bio 103 Chap 7 Cell Division

Front 1

Why do cells divide?

Back 1

In single celled organisms- to reproduce

In multicellular organisms- for growth and repair of tissues

Front 2

Asexual reproduction

Back 2

Generates clones, offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Front 3

Sexual reproduction

Back 3

Genetic information from two individuals of opposite mating types is combined to produce offspring.

Front 4

Binary fission occurs in

Back 4

Prokaryotes

Front 5

Binary fission function

Back 5

Asexual reproduction

Front 6

Mitotic division occurs in

Back 6

Eukaryotes; single celled or multicellular

Front 7

Miotic division function in single celled

Back 7

Asexual reproduction

Front 8

Mitotic division function in multicellular

Back 8

Growth of individual; repair and replacement of cells and tissues

Front 9

Meiosis occurs in

Back 9

Eukaryotes; single celled or multicellular. Function is sexual reproduction

Front 10

Binary fission

Back 10

"Splitting in two"

Front 11

First step of binary fission

Back 11

DNA is replocated, giving rise to two loops of DNA

Front 12

Second step of binary fission

Back 12

Cytoplasmic division- the cell expands, and a partition is created that isolates the two DNA loops into separate cytoplasmic compartments.

Front 13

3rd step of binary fission

Back 13

The cells separate

Front 14

Miotic division

Back 14

The process that generates two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell in eukaryotes.

Front 15

Mitosis

Back 15

Beginning of miotic division involves the division of the nucleus

Front 16

Cytokinesis

Back 16

The splitting of the original cytoplasm into two new daughter cells.

Front 17

Meiosis

Back 17

Specialized type of cell division that makes sexual reproduction possible. Produces eggs for females and sperm for males.

Front 18

Gametes

Back 18

Examples of sex cells, egg and sperm

Front 19

Somatic cells

Back 19

Non sex cells.

Front 20

Meiosis

Back 20

Reduces the amount of genetic information transmitted by the parent cell to the daughter cells by half

Front 21

Fertilization

Back 21

The merging of gametes to create a single cell

Front 22

Zygote

Back 22

The resulting cell, receives one haploid set of genetic material from the egg and the other from the sperm

Front 23

Embryo

Back 23

After zygote undergoes mitosis it creates this which is a mass of developing cells

Front 24

Cell differentiation

Back 24

The process through which a daughter cell becomes different from the parent cell

Front 25

Cell cycle

Back 25

A set sequence of events that make up the life of a typical eukaryotic cell that is capable of dividing.

Front 26

Cell division

Back 26

The last stage in the life of an individual cell the most rapid stage of the cell cycle

Front 27

Interphase

Back 27

The longest stage of the cell cycle. Most cells spend 90 percent of their life span in this phase. During the stage the cell takes in nutrients and manufactures protiens and other substances, expands in size, and conducts its special functions. Preparations for cell division also take place.

Front 28

Interphase can be divided into three main phases

Back 28

G1, S, and G2

Front 29

G1 phase

Back 29

The first phase in the life of a newborn cell

Front 30

S phase

Back 30

DNA is copied (replicated) which requires synthesis of new DNA

Front 31

G2 phase

Back 31

Begins after the S phase and before the start of division

Front 32

G0 phase

Back 32

A resting state that can last for periods ranging from a few days to the lifetime of that organism. Most liver cells stay in this phase.

Front 33

Apoptosis

Back 33

A particular form of PCD in animals, often begins with mitochondrial damage followed by the activation of protien destroying enzymes that digest the cell from the inside.

Front 34

Tumor

Back 34

A clump of rogue cells

Front 35

Cancer cells

Back 35

Disrupt the normal function of tissues and organs as they spread through the body

Front 36

Chromatin

Back 36

A DNA protien complex looped and compressed to form a chromosome

Front 37

Sister chromatids

Back 37

DNA replicated into two identical double helices. Remain linked to each other until the later stages of mitosis.

Front 38

Centromere

Back 38

Where two identical sister chromatids are held together

Front 39

Karyotype

Back 39

A display of all the chromosomes in a somatic cell. Generally made from microscopic observations of mitotic cells.

Front 40

Two X chromosomes

Back 40

Female

Front 41

One X and one Y chromosome

Back 41

Female

Front 42

4 main parts of mitosis

Back 42

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 43

Prophase

Back 43

Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down

Front 44

Metaphase

Back 44

Chromomes align at the midline of the cell

Front 45

Anaphase

Back 45

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Front 46

Telophase

Back 46

New nuclear envelopes form, and chromosomes decondense

Front 47

Kinetochres

Back 47

Two patches of protein on each chromosomes centromere and forms a sight of attachment for at least one microtubule so that the two sister chromstids are linked at the centromere.

Front 48

Metaphase plate

Back 48

The plane in which the chromosomes are arranged.

Front 49

What happens to chromosomes in early prophase

Back 49

They are compacted

Front 50

What happens to chromosomes in late prophase

Back 50

They are attached to the spindle

Front 51

What happens to chromosomes in metaphase

Back 51

They line up in the middle of the cell

Front 52

What happens to chromatids in anaphase

Back 52

They separate

Front 53

What is formed during telophae

Back 53

New nuclei

Front 54

What happens during cytokinesis

Back 54

The cytoplasm is divided into two daughter cells.

Front 55

Haploid

Back 55

One copy of each type of chromosome

Front 56

Diploid

Back 56

2 copies of every chromosome

Front 57

Meiosis 1

Back 57

Sorts each member of a homologous pair into two different daughter cells, reducing chromosome sets from 2n to n

Front 58

Meiosis 2

Back 58

Separates sister chromatids in each cell produced by meiosis 1 into two different daughter cells.

Front 59

Meiosis produces genetically diverse gametes through

Back 59

Crossing over, and the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes.

Front 60

Crossing over

Back 60

The name given to the physical exchange of chromosomal segments between non sister chromatids in paired off paternal and maternal homologues. Initiated when a chromatid belonging to one homologue makes contact with the chromatid across from it

Front 61

Independent assortment of chromosomes

Back 61

The random distribution of the different homologous chromosome pairs into daughter cells during meiosis 1. Also contributes to the genetic variety of the gametes produced.