Bio 103 Chap 12 Genes To Protiens

Front 1

Genes are used to make

Back 1

RNA

Front 2

RNA is used to make

Back 2

Protiens

Front 3

Similarities between DNA and RNA

Back 3

Both are linear nucleotide polymers

Front 4

Differences in RNS compared to DNA

Back 4

Single stranded, sugar ribose, a phosphate group, uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Front 5

3 types of RNA

Back 5

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

Front 6

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 6

Encodes proteins

Front 7

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 7

Aids translation

Front 8

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 8

Used to make ribosomes

Front 9

During transcription, one strand of the genes DNA serves as a

Back 9

Template for synthesizing many copies of mRNA

Front 10

The key enzyme in transcription is

Back 10

RNA polymerase

Front 11

How does RNA polymerase begin transcription

Back 11

Each gene has a sequence (a promoter) at which RNA polymerase begins transcription

Front 12

How does transcription stop

Back 12

After RNA polymerase encounters special transcription termination sequences.

Front 13

DNA information is copied into

Back 13

RNA

Front 14

Transcription of DNA to RNA is similar to

Back 14

Replication

Front 15

Differences between transcription and replication

Back 15

RNA polymerase is used, only a small portion of DNA is copied, single stranded mRNA is made

Front 16

The process of transcription

Back 16

RNA polymerase starts at promoter, unwinds DNA, uses one strand as template strand, RNA is synthesized and stops at terminator.

Front 17

Specific base pairing rules of mRNA

Back 17

A,U,C,G pair with T,A,G,C in template strand of DNA

Front 18

Many mutations are caused by

Back 18

The substitution, insertion, or deletion of a single base in a genes DNA sequence.

Front 19

Insertion or deletion of a single base causes a

Back 19

Genetic frameshift resulting in a different sequence of amino acids in the genes protien product.

Front 20

Introns

Back 20

Non coding DNA

Front 21

Non coding DNA are removed

Back 21

After transcription, and exons are connected to produce the mature mRNA

Front 22

Translation of RNA to amino acids

Back 22

3 bases = 1 codon

1 codon= 1 amino acid

Front 23

The info encoded by an mRNA is read in sets of

Back 23

3 bases; each 3 base sequence is a codon.

Front 24

How many possible codons are there

Back 24

64

Front 25

Most codons specify

Back 25

A particular amino acid, but certain codons signal the start or stop of translation.

Front 26

Information specified by each codon is collectively called

Back 26

The genetic code

Front 27

Ribosomes begin at a fixed starting point (the start codon) and

Back 27

Stop reading the code when they encounter any of the 3 stop codons.

Front 28

The codone sequence in each mRNA molecule determines

Back 28

The amino acid sequence of the protein it encodes.

Front 29

Translation occurs at

Back 29

Ribosomes

Front 30

Ribosomes are composed of

Back 30

rRNA and more than 50 different proteins.

Front 31

tRNA

Back 31

Contains two binding sites amino acid site and anticodon. It decodes the codon and amino acid matched with codon.

Front 32

Process of Translation

Back 32

Ribosome holds mRNA and tRNA binds to first codon. Second tRNA binds next to codon. Amino acids are linked and move to next codon where first tRNA is released.

Front 33

The ribosome holds the mRNA and tRNA in a

Back 33

Manner that allows the amino acis carried by the tRNA to be covalently bonded to the growing amino acid chain.

Front 34

When translation is complete the amino acid chain

Back 34

Folds into the three dimensional shape of the protien.

Front 35

Insertion or deletion of a single base causes a

Back 35

Genetic frameshift resulting in a different sequence of amino acids in the genes protien product.

Front 36

Frameshift mutations

Back 36

Usually destroy the protein, changes many amino acids, adds a STOP codon, truncates, changes shape of protien

Front 37

Substitution:single change

Back 37

Silent mutations, single amino acid change.

Front 38

How genes go into phenotypes

Back 38

Genes are inherited as DNA, DNA is transcribed into RNA, RNA is translated into protein, proteins give the organism traits. Mutations in DNA produce changes in traits.

Front 39

Anticodon

Back 39

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases on a transfer RNA molecule that enables it to form complementary base pairs with a corresponding codon on an mRNA molecule

Front 40

Codon

Back 40

A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in an mRNA molecule. Each codon specifies either a particular amino acid or a signal to start or stop the translation of a protein.

Front 41

Deletion

Back 41

A mutation in which one or more nucleotides are removed from the DNA sequence of a gene, or a piece breaks off from a chromosome and is lost.

Front 42

Exon

Back 42

A DNA sequence within a gene that encodes part of a protein. Codes for a stretch of amino acids.

Front 43

Gene

Back 43

The smallest unit of DNA that governs a genetic characteristic and contains the code for the synthesis of a protien or an RNA molecule.

Front 44

Genetic code

Back 44

The code that specifies how information in mRNA is translated to create the specific sequence of amino acids found in the protien encoded by that mRNA.

Front 45

Gene promoter

Back 45

DNA sequence in a gene that RNA polymerase binds to in order to begin transcription

Front 46

RNA splicing

Back 46

The process by which mRNA introns are snipped out and the remaining pieces of mRNA are rejoined.

Front 47

Start codon

Back 47

A three nucleotide sequnce on an mRNA molecule (usually the codon AUG) that signals where translation should begin.

Front 48

Stop codon

Back 48

A three nucleotide sequence on an mRNA molecule that signals where translation should end.

Front 49

Substitution

Back 49

A mutation in which one nitrogenous base is replaced by another at a single position in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Front 50

Template strand

Back 50

The strand of DNA that is copies into RNA and is therefore complementary to the RNA synthesized from it.

Front 51

Terminator

Back 51

Prokaryotic gene transcription, a DNA sequence that, when reached by RNA polymerase, causes transcription to end and the newly formed mRNA moelcule to separate from its DNA template.