Bio 102

Front 1

Living v. Non-Living

Back 1

Living:

Still displaying the signs and traits of life.

Non-Living:

Not displaying the traits and signs of life.

Front 2

Once Living v. Never Living

Back 2

Once Living:

Once was living, now is not. Made of organic materials.

Never Living:

Not made of organic materials, was never alive.

Front 3

Organic V. Inorganic

Back 3

Organic:

Made of organic materials, from a living or once living object.

Inorganic:

Made from never living materials.

Front 4

Nucleic Acid

Back 4

DNA, RNA, ATP

Front 5

Protien

Back 5

Amino Acids

Front 6

Lipid

Back 6

Fats, oils, ect. Used to make membranes.

Front 7

Carbohydrate

Back 7

Sugars and starches

Front 8

Homeostasis

Back 8

Regulation of environment, such as sweating.

Front 9

Energy

Back 9

Used to create movement

Front 10

Mutation

Back 10

A change in the normal DNA

Front 11

Hypothesis

Back 11

An educated guess, unconfirmed, describes relationships

Front 12

Observation

Back 12

A statement based on something seen, heard, felt, ect.

Front 13

Prediction

Back 13

A guess based on observations

Front 14

Experiment

Back 14

A procedure to test out a hypothesis.

Front 15

Falsifibility

Back 15

The ability of a law, theory, hypothesis, ect. to be proven false.

Front 16

Theory

Back 16

Combination of law, hypothesis, ect. Used to explain phenomena

Front 17

Controlled Variable

Back 17

The variables that do not change to allow for a more controlled experiment.

Front 18

Independent Variable

Back 18

The variable that is deliberately changed.

Front 19

Dependent Variable

Back 19

The variable that changes in response to the independent variable.

Front 20

Control Group

Back 20

The group in the experiment that receives no special treatment. Used to measure against the experimental group.

Front 21

Experimental Group

Back 21

The group in which the independent variable changes.

Front 22

Bacterial v. Archean v. Eukaryotic Cells

Back 22

Bacteria:

-Small

-Lacks membrane-bound organelles

-Unicellular

Archea:

-Smallest

-No membrane bound organelles

-Unicellular

Eukaryotes:

-Multi-cellular

-Large

-Membrane-bound organelles

Front 23

Organelle

Back 23

Specific structures inside a cell.

Front 24

Membrane

Back 24

A barrier made of phospholipids.

Front 25

Phospholipid

Back 25

A type of lipid, phosphate at the top, lipid "tail". Top is hydrophilic, tail is hydrophobic. Creates membrane.

Front 26

Diffusion

Back 26

Passive transport of small, non-polar molecules through the membrane.

Front 27

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 27

Transport channels, diffusion of larger or polar molecules.

Front 28

Active Transport

Back 28

Transportation that uses energy (ATP). Pumps, endo- and exocytosis.

Front 29

Endocytosis

Back 29

Pulls matter into a cell using membrane infolding.

Front 30

Exocytosis

Back 30

Pushes matter out of a cell using membrane infolding.

Front 31

Osmosis

Back 31

Special kind of diffusion, water. From higher to lower concentration of other molecules.

Front 32

Solute

Back 32

Substance that dissolves into a solvent, usually a solid.

Front 33

Solvent

Back 33

Substance that dissolves a solute, usually a liquid.

Front 34

Light Dependent Reactions

Back 34

Uses light, CO2, and H20 to create ATP and NADHP.

Front 35

Electron Transport System

Back 35

Outer membrane of thylakoid, transports electrons throughout the membrane.

Front 36

Light Independent Reactions

Back 36

Uses ATP and NADHP to produce glucose

Front 37

Chlorophyll

Back 37

Large green molecule involved in photosynthesis, pigment.

Front 38

ATP, NADHP

Back 38

"Energy currency of the cell", provides energy for active transport.

Front 39

Cell Membrane

Back 39

Surrounds cells, controls what comes and goes.

Front 40

Cell Wall

Back 40

Rigid wall, maintains shape and acts as barrier in plant cells.

Front 41

Nuclear Envelope

Back 41

Double membrane outside of nucleus.

Front 42

Cytoplasm

Back 42

Semi-fluid matrix that fills the cell.

Front 43

Nulceus

Back 43

Control center, contains DNA. Called the "brain".

Front 44

Nucleolus

Back 44

Found in nucleus, makes ribosomes.

Front 45

Ribosome

Back 45

Small structure for protein synthesis.

Front 46

Rough ER

Back 46

Protein synthesis, has ribosomes attached like beads.

Front 47

Smooth ER

Back 47

Synthesis of lipids, breaks down toxins in liver.

Front 48

Golgi Body

Back 48

Receives proteins and enzymes from ER, packages and modifies.

Front 49

Mitocondria

Back 49

Site of cellular respiration, creates ATP.

Front 50

Chloroplast

Back 50

Where photosynthesis occurs.

Front 51

Lysosome

Back 51

Breaks down DNA, proteins, and lipids through digestive enzymes.

Front 52

Cytoskeleton

Back 52

Internal structure, maintains cell shape. Involved in mobility.

Front 53

Vacuole

Back 53

Stores nutrients and waste. Large in plants, smaller in animals.

Front 54

Eyepiece

Back 54

Where you look into.

Front 55

Revolving Nosepiece

Back 55

The part with which you change the objective.

Front 56

Objective

Back 56

The lens closest to the slide, normally the higher powered lens.

Front 57

Light Intensity Knob

Back 57

Changes the intensity of the light.

Front 58

X-Axis and Y-Axis Knob

Back 58

Moves the slide along the x and y axis respectively, (i.e. left and right, up and down respectively).

Front 59

Fine Focus Knob

Back 59

A finer focus knob for more exact focus.

Front 60

Course Focus Knob

Back 60

A rough focus knob for general focus

Front 61

Light

Back 61

Where the light comes from. Usually a light bulb on the bottom of the microscope.

Front 62

Stage

Back 62

Where the slide is placed

Front 63

Diopter Adjustment Ring

Back 63

Adjusts for difference in vision. Located on the eyepiece.

Front 64

Gene

Back 64

A region of DNA that is linked to a specific trait

Front 65

Allele

Back 65

A variant form of a gene, a selection of DNA

Front 66

Allele Frequence

Back 66

The measure of a gene frequency in a population

Front 67

Genetic Drift

Back 67

The change in frequency of a gene

Front 68

Natural Selection

Back 68

The idea that various factors can favor one trait or organism over another, to produce change over time

Front 69

Mutation

Back 69

A random change in genetic code. Can be a point mutation, insertion, deletion, frameshift, or duplication.

Front 70

Evolution

Back 70

The idea that organisms can change over time.

Front 71

Homologous structures

Back 71

Structures that are similar across various organisms.

Front 72

Vestigal structures

Back 72

Structures that serve no purpose, and are left over from a previous species.

Front 73

Phylogeny

Back 73

Shows common connections and ancestors.

Front 74

Homeotic gene

Back 74

Genes that affect the development of specific structures.

Front 75

Adaption

Back 75

Certain traits becoming more or less prevalent in a population in order to better survive in the ecosystem

Front 76

prokaryote

Back 76

Organisms who lack a nucleus or organelles, such as mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and Endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 77

eukaryote

Back 77

An organism with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Not necessarily a multi-cellular organism.

Front 78

preditation

Back 78

A type of species interaction. Good for the predator, bad for the prey.

Front 79

competition

Back 79

A type of species interaction. Both competing for one resource. Bad for both.

Front 80

food chain

Back 80

A simple chain which illustrates the flow of energy.

Front 81

food web

Back 81

A more complex web which describes the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

Front 82

1st law of energy

Back 82

There is no creating or destroying energy, only converting it.

Front 83

2nd law of energy

Back 83

When energy is transferred, some is "lost" as heat.

Front 84

biochemical cycles

Back 84

Cycles of matter through the ecosystem. Includes water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorous cycle.

Front 85

water cycle

Back 85

The movement of water through the earth and ecosystem.

Front 86

carbon cycle

Back 86

Movement of carbon through the ecosystem. Linked with respiration and energy

Front 87

nitrogen cycle

Back 87

Movement of nitrogen through the ecosystem.

Front 88

phosphorous cycle

Back 88

Movement of phosphorous through the ecosystem

Front 89

nitrogen fixation

Back 89

The process of turning atmospheric N2 into usable ammonium.

Front 90

nitrification

Back 90

Turning atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium

Front 91

denitrification

Back 91

Turning ammonium into atmospheric nitrogen

Front 92

O2

Back 92

Waste product of photosynthesis, needed for aerobic respiration

Front 93

H2O

Back 93

Needed for photosynthesis and aerobic respiration to create ATP

Front 94

CO2

Back 94

Creates glucose in photosynthesis, waste product of aerobic respiration.

Front 95

glucose

Back 95

Created in photosynthesis, deconstructed in aerobic respiration

Front 96

ATP

Back 96

"Energy currency" of the cell. Used to power cell stuff.

Front 97

NADH

Back 97

Also energy. Used mainly in anaerobic respiration.

Front 98

Mitocondrian

Back 98

Created ATP. "Powerhouse of the cell"

Front 99

Electron Transport System

Back 99

Within mitochondria and chloroplasts, used to transport

Front 100

Fermentation

Back 100

Anaerobic respiration. Creating energy without oxygen.

Front 101

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 101

Sugars and yeast produce ethanol and CO2

Front 102

Lactate Fermentation

Back 102

Occurs in the muscles. Sugars to ATP without O2

Front 103

Ethonol

Back 103

Byproduct of Alcoholic fermentation

Front 104

Lactate

Back 104

Byproduct of lactate fermentation

Front 105

Aerobic v. Anaerobic fermentation

Back 105

Aerobic uses o2, anaerobic does not. Aerobic creates far more energy.

Front 106

Chromatin

Back 106

The strand of DNA wrapped around proteins.

Front 107

Chromosome

Back 107

A section of DNA, wound into a chromosome.

Front 108

Chromatid

Back 108

One "half" of a chromosome

Front 109

Centromere

Back 109

Keeps the sister chromatids together, links them

Front 110

Homologous Chromosomes

Back 110

Similar, but not identical chromosomes.

Front 111

Cytokinesis

Back 111

The process of dividing cytoplasm and organelles between dividing cells

Front 112

Haploid

Back 112

Half the usual number of chromosomes. One chromatid in humans

Front 113

Diploid

Back 113

Paired chromosomes, one from each parent

Front 114

Centriole

Back 114

A set of microtubuals that are used to pull apart sister chromatids

Front 115

Gamete

Back 115

One parent's sex cells

Front 116

Zygote

Back 116

A eukaryotic cell that is fertilized by two gametes

Front 117

Embryo

Back 117

An organism in the stages of prenatal development

Front 118

Homozygous

Back 118

The same two alleles in a pair

Front 119

Heterozygous

Back 119

Different alleles in a pair

Front 120

Dominant Allele

Back 120

The allele that "takes precedent" over a recessive gene. In a heterozygous pair, this one is apparent in the organism

Front 121

Recessive

Back 121

In a heterozygous allele, this is not shown.

Front 122

Co-dominant

Back 122

In a heterozygous pair, both "combine" to create a different attribute

Front 123

Punnet square

Back 123

A "square" which shows allele frequency in potential offspring

Front 124

linkage

Back 124

Traits that are often inherited together

Front 125

sex-linkage

Back 125

Traits that are linked through sex chromosomes

Front 126

genotype

Back 126

The actual gene/allele information

Front 127

phenotype

Back 127

The apparent attribute that results from the allele

Front 128

nucleotide

Back 128

ATGC. Combines in the DNA to create genetic code

Front 129

Amino Acid

Back 129

Building block, created by the information contained in DNA

Front 130

Polypeptide

Back 130

A chain of amino acids linked through peptide bonds

Front 131

Protein

Back 131

Long chains of amino acids

Front 132

DNA

Back 132

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Contains genetic code for amino acid production.

Front 133

mRNA

Back 133

Copied from the DNA

Front 134

tRNA

Back 134

A segment of anticodons with a protein attached. The "opposite" of a codon.

Front 135

Transcription

Back 135

DNA --> mRNA

Front 136

Translation

Back 136

mRNA ---> tRNA ---> Polypeptide

Front 137

Mutation

Back 137

A change in the normal genetic code

Front 138

Codon

Back 138

A triple segment of mRNA

Front 139

Anticodon

Back 139

A triple segment of tRNA, pairs exactly with the mRNA

Front 140

Independent Assortment

Back 140

The alleles in the gametes separate and align individually.

Front 141

Segregation

Back 141

Each of the parents gametes contain one haploid