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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Asexual Reproduction
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One parent; mitosis; produces genetically identical offspring; Pro - no need for mate, Con- lack of genetic diversity
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Explain
Pros Cons |
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Diploid
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All the chromosomes needed for a cell (46) comes from mitosis and is essential to growing and replacement
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Explain
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Haploid
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Half the amount of chromosomes needed to for a cell (23) comes from meiosis and essential to reproduction
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Explain
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Bacterial Genetic Diversity
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DNA copied, 2 identical daughter cells; Mutation, exhange plasmid with other bacteria
Cons: some have mulit drug resistant plasmids can be transfers huge increase in anitbiotics esp. in agr. and makes more bacteria more resistant to antibiotics |
Explain
Cons |
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Reproduction
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Produce viable offspring and ability to adapt with genetic diversity
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Importance
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Recombination (Crossing Over)
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Shuffling of genetic material; ensures that DNA sequence is not identical to either parent
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Explain
Importance |
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Meiosis
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DNA replicated; 2 duplicated chromo's separate, each divides; 2 DIVISIONS
Mitosis only divides once and produces diploid cells vs. 2 division and haploid gamete cells |
Explain
Meiosis vs Mitosis |
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Sexual Reproduction
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Two parents; meiosis; haploid gametes; fertilization; offspring with with different genetic composition
Pro - genetic diversity Con- need to find a mate |
Explain
Pros Cons |
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MRSA
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"Staph infection"; bacteria commonly found on skin, typically harmless but can cause major infection
Effects- Treated with antibio methicillin; problem in contact sports and ath. facilities Prevention- practice good hygiene |
Explain
Effects Preventing |
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Genetic Diversity
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Random choice of 1 of the two chromosomes of the parents go into the egg or sperm; Random joining; in joining chromos can break and rejoin
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Explain
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Life Cycle of Multicellular Organisms' Involving Haploid & Diploid Phases
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Haploid sperm or egg produced by meiosis (gametes, n)
Haploid sperm and egg join (gametes, n) Produce a new diploid individual (zygote, 2n) Mitosis makes more cells in the individual (Diploid multicell organism, 2n+) |
Explain
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Types of Asexual Reproduction in Plants
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Cuttings- stem or leaf, rootings, grafting, layering, bulbs, tubers, corms, rhizomes
Apomixis- "fake" sexual reproduction -- nature's way of cloning plant through seed egg developed w/o being fertilized by pollen; ex. blackberries, dandelion |
Types
Examples |
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Rare Asexual Reproduction in Animals
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Budding in "lower" anima like sea anemone
Haplodiploidy- in social insects; males from unfertilized eggs, females from fertillized eggs; Parthenogenesis- unfertilized egg develop into new individual |
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Fertilzation
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Happens at point when the haploid sperm and egg
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Explain
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Genetic Process Underlying Human Reproduction
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Begin with diploid (2n) gamete stem cells; cells copy to produce 4n cells; cells divide twice to produce 4 haploid (n) cells
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Explain
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Male Gametogenesis
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Diploid cells
Duplicate chromo's 1st division 2nd division 4 haploid sperm Continually produced from puberty to old age, takes 9 weeks from diploid to mature sperm cells |
Explain
Production Length & Longevity |
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Female Gametogenesis
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Diploid cells
Duplicate chromo's 1st reductive division 2nd reductive division Single haploid egg Start before birth as a fetus; cell in "suspended animation" from fetal stage to puberty susceptible to damage; 1-2 release each month and divide; 2nd division complete after fertilization |
Explain
Production Length & Longevity |
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Amniotic Egg
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Reptiles, birds, and mammals; Extra embryonic membranes, yolk
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Types of Species
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Extra-Embryonic Membrane
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Amnion, allantois, yolk sac, chlorion
In mother (above +)- developing placenta, chorionic villi Tissue derived from embryo, not mom; can be used to detect chromosomal abnormality but increases chance for miscarriage; chorionic villi sampling at 11-12 weeks, amniocentesis at 16-20 weeks (detects down syndrome and spina bifida |
List
In Humans Application |
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Development
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Cell division, cell movement, cell differentiation
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Required Processes
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Gastrulation
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Production of one tissue type; moves over another tissue type; helps make new tissue types
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Explain
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Teratogens vs. Mutagens
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Both can cause birth defects or miscarriages
Mutagen increases the chance of mutation above the spontaneous rate Teratogens affect development with out affecting the genes |
Contrast Teratogens & Mutagens
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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The leading cause of non-genetic growth defect and mental deficit
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Effect
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Thalidomide
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A sleeping pill used to find morning sickness; approved in Canada & Euro 50's-60's
FDA held up Within a year of release 10,000 children were born with birth defects; inhibits blood cell growth |
Background
Effects |
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Cell Differentiation
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All cells in same organism have the same genetic material; different tissues, structure and functions determined by genes being turned on and off
Through transcription factors and interaction with neighboring cells |
Explain Problem
Solution |
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Mutagens
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Mutagens increase the rate of mutation over the spontaneous rate
Examples- radioactive fallout, cigs, x-rays, asbestos |
Explain
Exampes |
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Teratogens
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Affect development without affecting the genes
Examples- alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome) thalidomide (inhibits blood vessel growth) heavy metals (mercury in some fish, lead) volatile organic compounds |
Explain
Examples |
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Multiple Myeloma
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Painful bone marrow cancer
Cancer of white blood cells Crowd out cells and make bone brittle Low chance of survival Thalidomide administration allows patients of today to live well |
Explain
Diagnosis |
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Single-Gene Traits
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Determined by one gene
We have copies of each gene, 1 from mother, 1 from father A distinct appearance or manifestation of the genetic trait |
Characteristics
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Phenotype
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The visible apperance or manifestation of ones genetics
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Explain
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Genotype
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The genetic basis of the phenotype
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Explain
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Dominant
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Dominant form of the gene is expressed A_
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Explain
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Recessive
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Only expressed when not "masked" by a dominant gene
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Explain
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Homozygous
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When two copies of the gene are the same; AA or aa
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Explain
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Heterozygous
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When the two copies of the gene are different; Aa
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Explain
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Punnett square
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A cross-section table of each copy of each gene; gives probabilities of genotype and phenotype of offspring
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Explain
Application |
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Multigenic Traits
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Traits that are expressed by more that two genes (AABB, aabb, etc.)
Examples Height, Weight Propensity for disease (high BP, high Chol.) Agr. (yeild of fruit or milk, fat content/protein content) |
Explain
Examples |
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Codominant
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ABO blood types; A & B are codom. when paired, O is a 'null' form and is recessive to A & B
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Blood
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Sex-linked Traits
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Exception to the rule of 2 copies of every gene
Sex chromosomes X & Y; Female XX, Male XY Many genes on chromosome X, few on Y Males only have one copy of the X genes, thus expressed even if recessive Color-blindness; 8% of males Hemophilia; 1/7000 males |
Explain
Example |
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Mutation
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Change in genetic material (Nucleotides, Chromos)
Ultimate source of genetic variation Not necessarily bad Causes- Mistakes in copying DNA (spontaneous), oxidative damage (spontaneous), mutagens Preventing- consume anitoxidants, fruits & veg, reduce exposure to mutagens |
Explain
Causes Preventing |
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Chromosomal Abnormalities
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Abnormalities due to lack or abundance of chromo's
Accounts for the majority of miscarriages, 50-75% in 1st tri are because of CA's Folic acid may help CA's and birth defects |
Explain
Effect Preventing |
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Down Syndrome
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Trisomy 21 (3 copies of 21st chromo)
Mental impairment and variety of additional defects Can be detected before birth Risk rises when mother is over 35 |
Explain
Application |
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Recessive Genetic Diseases
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PKU
Galactosemia Sickle-cell Anemia Cystic Fibrosis |
Types
Application |
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PKU
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Can't get rid of excess phenylalanine (an essential amino acid)
Untreated individuals become mentally retarded Special diet w/o excess phenylalanine (little protein) WA - 5 detected newborns in 2008 |
Explain
Effect Treatment In WA |
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Galactosemia
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Lactose (sugar found in milk broken down into glucose and galactose), have a defect in breaking down galactose
Untreated individuals die at early age Treatment, avoid milk products and galactose WA- 2 detected newborns in 2008 |
Explain
Effect Treatment In WA |
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Sickle-cell Anemia
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Defect in hemoglobin (protein that carries oxygen), red blood cells become sickle shaped
Painful and other effects, heterozygotes protected against malaria Prodominately affects African-Americans WA - 11 detected newborns in 2008 |
Explain
Effect In WA |
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Cystic Fibrosis
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Can't regulate salt levels
Builds up mucus in lungs and dig. system Treatment to help digestion, special high calorie and protein diet Chest therapy to help dislodge mucus WA - 12 detected newborns in 2008 |
Explain
Effect Treatment In WA |
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Newborn Testing
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Every state in USA and many countries offer newborn testing for genetic diseases
More and more diseases tested for --eLearning link-- |
Explain
Application |
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Hemochromatosis
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Inability to get rid of excess iron
Variety of phenotypes - fatigue, liver disease, joint pain Most undiagnosed genetic disease in 2008 Treatment - bleeding to get rid of excess iron |
Explain
Effect Treatment In WA |
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Dominant Genetic Diseases
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Marfan Syndrome (Inherited)
Huntington's Disease (Inherited) AchProondroplasia (Inherited) Osteogenesis imperfecta (New Mutation) Progeria |
Examples (Type)
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Marfan Syndrome
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Defect in connective tissue protein
Phenotype- tall, long digits, weakened aorta Can cause sudden death, especially in athletes |
Explain
Effects |
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Achondroplasia
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Defect in growth factor
Homozygotes usually stillborn Heterozygotes display a type of dwarfism |
Explain
Effects |
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Archea
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In hot springs
Prokaryotes Where we got DNA polymerase for PCR Need enzyme to survive hot temperatures since we heat DNA to separate the two strands |
Explain
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Selection
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Variation in traits
Some traits enhance survival Those that survive pass down the variation they have |
Explain
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Diversity
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Novel mutation
Selection for advantageous traits Allow for survival in different environments, use of different foods, use of different habitat |
Explain
Effect |
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Ecological Niche
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Where it lives
What it eats Temperature & other abiotic requirements Organism's "Palace" Produced by diversity in the environment |
Explain
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Parasitism
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Offers both a place to live and food to eat
One of the most common forms of life Ex. ticks/mites, tapeworms, intestinal round worms |
Explain
Examples |
