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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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has a free surface exposed to the outside environment or a body fluid
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epithelial tissue
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cells are in close contact with one another, with little material between cells
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epithelial tissue
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cell types are squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
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epithelial tissue
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what are the three types of cell junctions?
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tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions
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consists of two or more cell layers and functions in protection
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stratified epithelium
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consists of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes
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simple epithelium
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what are the two main classes of glands?
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1)exocrine
2)endocrine |
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secrete mucus, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, tears, digestive enzymes, sweat; releases products onto the free epithelial surface through ducts or tubes
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exocrine glands
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release their products into tissue fluid
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endocrine glands
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help stop substances from leaking across a tissue
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tight junctions
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spot welds; cement neighboring cells together
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adhering junctions
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channels connecting the cytoplasm of abutting cells; promote rapid transfer of material from one cell to another
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gap junctions
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what type of tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?
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dense, regular connective tissue
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what are the three types of muscle?
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1)skeletal 2)smooth 3)cardiac
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where is skeletal muscle located?
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in muscle attached to bones
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where is smooth muscle located?
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walls of arteries, sphincters, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and many other soft internal organs and some blood vessels
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where are cardiac muscles located?
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in the heart wall only
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what system produces blood cells?
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the skeletal system
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what are the three primary tissues?
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1)ectoderm 2)mesoderm 3)endoderm
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what forms the skin's outer layer and the nervous system tissues?
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ectoderm
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what forms the tissues of the muscles, bones, and most of the urinary, circulatory, and reproductive systems
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mesoderm
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what forms the lining of the digestive tract and to the organs derived from it?
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endoderm
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what are the main cavities of the body?
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cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
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what type of tissue is most likely to have cilia or microvilli?
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simple columnar epithelial tissue
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what system collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream and defends the body against infection and tissue damage?
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lymphatic system
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farthest from where the body part starts
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distal
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closest to where the body part starts
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proximal
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what are the parts of a neuron?
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input zone - dendrites and cell body, output zone - axons
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slender extensions that receive information along with the cell body (part of the input zone)
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dendrites
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another slender, but often longer extension, that conduct impulses away from the cell body (part of output zone)
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axon
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what structures restore ion concentrations to normal levels after and action potential?
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sodium potassium pumps
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what are released from neuron junctions?
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neurotransmitters
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what four structures make up a reflex arc?
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sensory receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, effector
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what functions are performed by the oldest part of the brain?
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relex control of breathing and other vital functions
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what nerves are associated with smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands?
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autonomic nerves
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spinal and cranial nerves that service the viscera - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and other internal organs and structures?
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autonomic nerves
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what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
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1)sympathetic
2)parasympathetic |
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dominate in times of sharpened awareness, excitement, or danger; prepare the animal to fight or escape or fright, make your heart beat faster
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sympathetic
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dominate when the body is not receiving much outside stimulation; tend to slow down body overall and divert energy to basic "housekeeping" tasks, such as digestion; slows down heartbeat
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parasympathetic
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what are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord?
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meninges
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what part of the brain is the main center for homeostatic control over the internal environment?
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hypothalamus
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central to control of behaviors related to internal organs, such as thirst responses, hunger, and sex; and to the physical expression of emotions, such as sweating with fear
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hypothalamus
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what lobe contains the visual center?
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occipital lobe
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what are the different types of receptors?
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mechanoreceptors, pain receptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, photoreceptors, thermoreceptors
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detect forms of mechanical energy (changes in pressure, position)
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mechanoreceptors
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detect tissue damage
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pain receptors
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detect chemical energy or substances dissolved in the fluid surrounding them
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chemoreceptors
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detect changes in the solute levels of some body fluid
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osmoreceptors
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detect visible and ultraviolet light
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photoreceptors
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detect infrared energy (heat and cold)
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thermoreceptors
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which are the simplest types of receptors?
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free nerve endings (which act as mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and pain receptors)
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where did bones for hearing evolve from?
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organs of equilibrium in fishes
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what structure bends light rays to converge on photoreceptors?
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lens
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what invertebrates have the most complex eyes?
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crustaceans and insects
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the densely fibrous "white" part that protects the eye (in the outer layer)
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sclera
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made of transparent collagen fibers that covers the rest of the eye
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cornea
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what are the different types of photoreceptors?
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1)rod cells 2)cone cells
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detect very dim light
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rod cells
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detect very bright light
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cone cells
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what structure controls pupil size?
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iris
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where are chemoreceptors located?
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on different structures in different animals: mouth, antennae, legs, tentacles
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what are the primary taste sensations?
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1)sweet 2)sour 3)salty 4)bitter 5)umami
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what part of the brain integrates taste and smell sensations with emotional states?
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limbic system
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what chemicals act on cells of other individuals of the same species affecting social behavior?
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pheromones
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what are the two classes of hormones?
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1)steroid 2)peptide
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lipid soluble molecules derived from cholesterol (ex: testoterone)
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steroid hormones
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water soluble signaling molecules having anywhere from 3 to 180 amino acids (ex: glucagon)
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peptide hormones
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too much of ____ results in gigantism.
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somatotropin (anterior pituitary secretion)
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what hormone helps conserve water?
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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what gland releases a calcium-preserving hormone?
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parathyroid gland
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what element is necessary for thyroid hormones?
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iodine
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molecules that change chemical conditions in local tissues, as when the action of some prostaglandins restricts or enhances blood flow to a tissue
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local signaling molecules
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what are two hormones of the pancreas?
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1)glucagon 2)insulin
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what hormone makes us sleepy after sunset?
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melatonin
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what is the molting hormone of crustaceans?
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ecdysone
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what is the stress hormone?
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cortisol
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what layer of skin stores fat?
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hypodermis
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what is the water-proofing protein of skin?
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keratin
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what pigment gives skin and hair color?
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melanin
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what vitamin gives skin and hair color?
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vitamin D
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what are phagocytic cells of the skin?
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Langerhans cells
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what glands secrete a substance to make hair soft?
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sebaceous glands
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what substance do sebaceous glands secrete to make hair soft?
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sebum
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what animals have a hydrostatic skeleton?
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soft bodied invertebrates, such as earthworms and sea anemones
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what is included in the axial skeleton?
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skull, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum, 26 vertebrae, hyoid bone
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what group of vertebrates has a cartilaginous skeleton?
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sharks and rays
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corlike, straplike; attaches a skeletal muscle to a bone
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tendon
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straps of dense connective tissue at many joints, such as knees; they attach one bone to another, yet both move freely
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ligaments
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what are freely movable joints?
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synovial joints
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what is the basic unit of contraction?
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sarcomeres
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has fibers and cells loosely arranged in a semifluid ground substance; serves as support framework for epithelim
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loose connective tissue
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has fibroblasts and many fibers; in the dermis; forms protective capsules around organs that don't stretch much
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dense, irregular connective tissue
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has fibroblasts located in rows between many parallel bundles of fibers
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dense, regular connective tissue
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a connective tissue that is solid and pliable,yet resists compression; make up shape of nose, outer ear, trachea
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cartilage
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a connective tissue that is mineral-hardened; the main tissue of bones;
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bone tissue
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the site for fat storage, made from excess carbohydrates and proteins that cells do not use at once; located mainly beneath the skin - help regulate body temperature, protect organs
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adipose tissue
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located in muscle attached to bones; makes up about 40% of weight of average human; called "voluntary" muscle
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skeletal muscle
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variety of supporting cells that protect, structurally support, and metabolically support neurons
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neuroglia
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detect specific changes in conditions
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sensory neurons
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integrate information and coordinate immediate and long-term responses
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interneurons
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deliver the commands from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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motor neurons
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system that offers protection, temperature regulation, excretion, and receive stimuli
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integumentary system
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system that moves body, maintains posture, and generates heat
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muscular system
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system that supports and protects body parts, is attachment for muscles, production of blood cells, stores minerals
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skeletal system
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detect stimuli, control and coordinate responses to stimuli, integrate all organ system activities
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nervous system
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control body functions with hormones, work with nervous system to integrate activities
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endocrine system
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transport materials to and from cells, help stabilize pH and temperature
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circulatory system
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deliver oxygen to cells, remove carbon dioxide from cells, regulate pH
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respiratory system
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ingest, breakdown, and absorb nutrients, eliminate wastes
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digestive system
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maintain volume and composition of internal environment, excrete excess fluid and wastes
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urinary system
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how many hairs does an average human scalp have?
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100,000 hairs
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a neurotransmitter that can have excitatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor
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acetylcholine
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works in brain regions dealing with emotions, and positively reinforced learning
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dopamine
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works in brain regions that control emotions, dreaming, and waking up
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norepinephrine
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the most common inhibitory signal in the brain
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GABA
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influences sleeping, sensory perception, emotions, and body temperature
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serotonin
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formed by Schwann cells; enhances the rate of action potential propagation
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myelin sheath
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works to contract a muscle after gravity of some other load has caused the muscle to stretch
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stretch reflex
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contraction of a muscle to move a body part away from a painful stimulus usually
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withdrawal reflex
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a loose mesh of nerve cells associated with epithelial tissue
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nerve net
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includes the brain and spinal with their associated interneurons
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central nervous system
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consists mainly of nerves that carry information to and from the central nervous system
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peripheral nervous system
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nerves that carry signals about moving head, trunk, and limbs
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somatic nerves
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the most ancient nervous tissue
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hindbrain
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reflex center for respiration, circulation, vasomotor; coordinates motor responses with complex reflexes such as coughing, and influences brain centers for sleep and arousal
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medulla
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integrates sensory input from eyes, ears, and muscle spindles with motor signals from the forebrain; controls muscle coordination and balance
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cerebellum
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traffic center for information passing between the cerebellum and forebrain; also helps in respiratory controls
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pons
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which side of the brain specializes as a center for analytical skills, mathematics, and speech?
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left side of the brain
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which side of the brain specializes as a center for spatial relations, music, and other nonverbal skills
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right side
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what connects the two halves of the cerebrum?
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corpus callosum
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what area of the frontal lobe governs learned motor skills such as dribbling a basketball, playing a piano, typing, etc.?
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premotor cortex
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which part of the frontal lobe controls tongue, throat, and lip muscles to create speech?
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Broca's area
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the first brain region affected in Alzheimer's disease
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hippocampus
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