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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name the 4 biological molecules.
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1. carbs--sugars and polysaccharides
2. lipids--fats and oils 3. proteins--chains of amino acids 4. nucelic acids--DNA & RNA genes |
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Big Bang Explosion Chronology
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1. 12.5 billion yrs.--big bang, caused atom formation nd 92 elements
2. Radiation from big bang causes matter to form most heat stable elements (Li,H,He) 3. those elements formed 1st gen. starts which have nuclear fusion 4H-->1He 4. 1st gen stars get old after 5 billion yrs. causing formataion of elements Co--U) 5. 2nd gen starts form w/normal planets |
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Democratus
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500 BC. Createdc atom concept. beleived you can get down to one tom but can't split any further.
invented democracy and said the milky way is stars, not dust |
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Confucius
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1st to have doubts about the relation between perception and reality (metaphysics)
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what is the purpose of nuclear fields?
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to hold the nucleus together.
"weak forces" are short range and "strong forces" are long range. |
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name the 4 force fields of the universe from weakest to strongest.
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1. gravity fields
2. electrical fields 3. the weak nuclear force 4. the strong nuclear force |
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1. gravity fields
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are on all mass. are only attractive.
Einstein believed thta gravity fields were a distortion of space in the 4th dimension. |
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2. electrical fields
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can be attractive or repulsive
magnetic fields are distorted electircal fields. electromagnetic waves are a combo of electic and magnetic fields (ex. light, radio). |
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3. the weak nuclear force
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don't know what it is, but is related to electric.
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4. the strong nuclear force
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don't know what it is.
string theory--maybe 2, 3, and 4 are distrotions of space, but space dimensions beyond number 4. (up to 9 dimensions) |
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dark energy...
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5th field?
1995--discovered that the universe is expanding faster and faster, when it is supposed to be slowing down. could be evidence of a repulsive gravity...5th field...? |
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scanning tunneling microscope
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can see atoms. is most powerful micro. there is an electric charge on the point, bumps create an image
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isotope.
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different versions of an element. has a different number of neutrons from the common species. ex. C-12 common
C-13 rare C-14 radioactive |
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history of atomic model according to:
Democratus |
500 BC. atoms are a tiny balls, different for different substances
water--slippery soul--extremely slippery, cn't see it |
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JJ Thompson
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1890. discovers the electron in a pre-TV tube
created plum pudding model, in which electrons are stuck directly to the nucleus |
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Lord Rutherford
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1905. created planetary model in which electrons follow a set path around the nucleus
did the gold foil experiment, photonegative paper turns black from radioactivity |
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neils bohr
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1915. determined that electrons are in shells.
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how did bohr know electrons are in shells and not like the planetary model?
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from the spectra of glowing atoms
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electromagnetic radiation list form lowest to highest.
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1. radio waves (long, and low energy)
2. microwaves and TV (shorter and higher energy) 3. infrared. (heat lamp/heat radiation) 4. visible light (ROYGB) 5. UV (insects can see it, high energy. causes mutations/damages DNA) 6. X-rays (soft & hard, can ionize atoms) 7. Gamma rays (from nuclear explosions and radioactivity, ionizing energy) |
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do cell phones cause cancer?
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no because microwaves don't have anough energy to cause mutations
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colors of atoms?
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bohr discovered that heated atoms glow with certain colors at certain energies. when electrons switch energies, they give off light. color determines the energy level of the shell
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quantum mechanics model
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1927. electrons are particles when they are free but in an atom electrons are clouds that don't move called orbitals
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electron energy
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closest to nucleus--lot of attraction and are low energy
farthest/free--high energy, easiest to separate. ATP is high energy |
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periodic table, mendelev
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1880. noticed that valences of elements obey an "octet rule". no transition elements at first
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biological atoms of life
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C H O N S Cl K Ca K Mg
most common: H He Li |
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strongest chemical bonds
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1. ionic
2. polar covalent 3. covalent |
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weakest chemical bonds
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1. hydrogen bond
2. hydrophobic bond 3. van der waals bond |
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things that affect chemical reactions
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1. temp (higher temp=higher speeds, more collisions, more reactions)
2. high concentrations (speed up reactions) 3. catalysts (speed up reactions) 4. reversible reaactions |
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why is water so important for reactions?
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earth is 70% water. is the solvent for many reactions because dry elements are unreactive. need water.
only similar chem is ammonia |
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properties of water:
cohesion |
water sticks to itself by H-bonds
1. water beads up 2. surface tension--seems like a skin on water, that's why some small bugs can sit on the water |
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adhesion
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water sticking to something else
1. kleenex--paper is made up of cellulose, which has lots of delta charges so water is attracted 2. capillary action--water sticking to glass pulls water up a thin tube 3. cut rocks for pyramids. placed wood peg w/ wet rag over top. wood absorbed water, split rock |
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specific heat
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1 calorie to heat 1 gram, 1 degree
(10x higher than most chems) takes a long time to heat up ocean in the summer, and long time to cool down in fall |
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high heat of vaporization
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takes 586 calories to boil dry 1 gram of water. have to break every H bond
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high heat of fusion
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takes 76 calories to melt one gram of ice. when water has 4 H-bonds have to break at least one to get liquid
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what is special about ice?
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ice expands as it freezes, whereas most chemicals shrink.
1. ice floats 2. ice breaks & bottles the freeze 3. ice breaks rocks into sand 4. causes potholes |
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difference between ice and water?
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ice has 4 h bonds, water has 3
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how many calories to boil dry 1 L water?
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666,000 calories
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water dissolves polar chems
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salt crystals ionize
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hydrophobic bonding
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type of weak bonding that is important in how protein chains fold into enzymes
ex. oil staying a blob in water (can't break H-bonds) |
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pH of blood?
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7.4
@ 7.6 allealosis--pass out @ 7.2 acidosis--pass out damages metabolic enzymes, so can't make ATP so brain cells not powered, which causes pass out |
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hydroxyl
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alcohol group. a polar group--increases solubility)
one chain--smells alcoholic 3 together--sweet |
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glycerin
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sweet liquid used in cosmetics
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ethelyne alcohol
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a little sweet and alcoholic. springy smells becuse of antifreeze in the road
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carbonyl
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fairly polar. very chem. reactive (is in sugars)
fruity, perfumy smell. fave of monkeys and humans (cats and dogs can't smell) |
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amino
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fave. of carnivores. we like meaty smell. transfers ion to N in water.
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cadaverine
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forms lysine when bacteria metabolize meat. worst smell for humans, vultures=tracking smell
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sulhydryl
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slightly polar
soluable in water chem reactive sewer gas smell or rotten eggs or burnt hair H2S very toxic |
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corboxyl
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acidic, sour or tart
very polar |
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phosphate
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makes ATP.
very polar very acidic salty taste |
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methyl
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gassy, oil taste
methyl=gas isopropyl=liquid 16 carbons=heavy grease 32 carbons=solid wax/grease *bigger chain=more solid* |