Bio 1012 Test 1

Front 1

name the 4 biological molecules.

Back 1

1. carbs--sugars and polysaccharides
2. lipids--fats and oils
3. proteins--chains of amino acids
4. nucelic acids--DNA & RNA genes

Front 2

Big Bang Explosion Chronology

Back 2

1. 12.5 billion yrs.--big bang, caused atom formation nd 92 elements
2. Radiation from big bang causes matter to form most heat stable elements (Li,H,He)
3. those elements formed 1st gen. starts which have nuclear fusion 4H-->1He
4. 1st gen stars get old after 5 billion yrs. causing formataion of elements Co--U)
5. 2nd gen starts form w/normal planets

Front 3

Democratus

Back 3

500 BC. Createdc atom concept. beleived you can get down to one tom but can't split any further.
invented democracy and said the milky way is stars, not dust

Front 4

Confucius

Back 4

1st to have doubts about the relation between perception and reality (metaphysics)

Front 5

what is the purpose of nuclear fields?

Back 5

to hold the nucleus together.
"weak forces" are short range and "strong forces" are long range.

Front 6

name the 4 force fields of the universe from weakest to strongest.

Back 6

1. gravity fields
2. electrical fields
3. the weak nuclear force
4. the strong nuclear force

Front 7

1. gravity fields

Back 7

are on all mass. are only attractive.
Einstein believed thta gravity fields were a distortion of space in the 4th dimension.

Front 8

2. electrical fields

Back 8

can be attractive or repulsive
magnetic fields are distorted electircal fields.

electromagnetic waves are a combo of electic and magnetic fields (ex. light, radio).

Front 9

3. the weak nuclear force

Back 9

don't know what it is, but is related to electric.

Front 10

4. the strong nuclear force

Back 10

don't know what it is.

string theory--maybe 2, 3, and 4 are distrotions of space, but space dimensions beyond number 4. (up to 9 dimensions)

Front 11

dark energy...

Back 11

5th field?
1995--discovered that the universe is expanding faster and faster, when it is supposed to be slowing down. could be evidence of a repulsive gravity...5th field...?

Front 12

scanning tunneling microscope

Back 12

can see atoms. is most powerful micro. there is an electric charge on the point, bumps create an image

Front 13

isotope.

Back 13

different versions of an element. has a different number of neutrons from the common species. ex. C-12 common
C-13 rare
C-14 radioactive

Front 14

history of atomic model according to:
Democratus

Back 14

500 BC. atoms are a tiny balls, different for different substances
water--slippery
soul--extremely slippery, cn't see it

Front 15

JJ Thompson

Back 15

1890. discovers the electron in a pre-TV tube

created plum pudding model, in which electrons are stuck directly to the nucleus

Front 16

Lord Rutherford

Back 16

1905. created planetary model in which electrons follow a set path around the nucleus

did the gold foil experiment, photonegative paper turns black from radioactivity

Front 17

neils bohr

Back 17

1915. determined that electrons are in shells.

Front 18

how did bohr know electrons are in shells and not like the planetary model?

Back 18

from the spectra of glowing atoms

Front 19

electromagnetic radiation list form lowest to highest.

Back 19

1. radio waves (long, and low energy)
2. microwaves and TV (shorter and higher energy)
3. infrared. (heat lamp/heat radiation)
4. visible light (ROYGB)
5. UV (insects can see it, high energy. causes mutations/damages DNA)
6. X-rays (soft & hard, can ionize atoms)
7. Gamma rays (from nuclear explosions and radioactivity, ionizing energy)

Front 20

do cell phones cause cancer?

Back 20

no because microwaves don't have anough energy to cause mutations

Front 21

colors of atoms?

Back 21

bohr discovered that heated atoms glow with certain colors at certain energies. when electrons switch energies, they give off light. color determines the energy level of the shell

Front 22

quantum mechanics model

Back 22

1927. electrons are particles when they are free but in an atom electrons are clouds that don't move called orbitals

Front 23

electron energy

Back 23

closest to nucleus--lot of attraction and are low energy
farthest/free--high energy, easiest to separate. ATP is high energy

Front 24

periodic table, mendelev

Back 24

1880. noticed that valences of elements obey an "octet rule". no transition elements at first

Front 25

biological atoms of life

Back 25

C H O N S Cl K Ca K Mg

most common: H He Li

Front 26

strongest chemical bonds

Back 26

1. ionic
2. polar covalent
3. covalent

Front 27

weakest chemical bonds

Back 27

1. hydrogen bond
2. hydrophobic bond
3. van der waals bond

Front 28

things that affect chemical reactions

Back 28

1. temp (higher temp=higher speeds, more collisions, more reactions)
2. high concentrations (speed up reactions)
3. catalysts (speed up reactions)
4. reversible reaactions

Front 29

why is water so important for reactions?

Back 29

earth is 70% water. is the solvent for many reactions because dry elements are unreactive. need water.

only similar chem is ammonia

Front 30

properties of water:
cohesion

Back 30

water sticks to itself by H-bonds
1. water beads up
2. surface tension--seems like a skin on water, that's why some small bugs can sit on the water

Front 31

adhesion

Back 31

water sticking to something else
1. kleenex--paper is made up of cellulose, which has lots of delta charges so water is attracted
2. capillary action--water sticking to glass pulls water up a thin tube
3. cut rocks for pyramids. placed wood peg w/ wet rag over top. wood absorbed water, split rock

Front 32

specific heat

Back 32

1 calorie to heat 1 gram, 1 degree
(10x higher than most chems)

takes a long time to heat up ocean in the summer, and long time to cool down in fall

Front 33

high heat of vaporization

Back 33

takes 586 calories to boil dry 1 gram of water. have to break every H bond

Front 34

high heat of fusion

Back 34

takes 76 calories to melt one gram of ice. when water has 4 H-bonds have to break at least one to get liquid

Front 35

what is special about ice?

Back 35

ice expands as it freezes, whereas most chemicals shrink.

1. ice floats
2. ice breaks & bottles the freeze
3. ice breaks rocks into sand
4. causes potholes

Front 36

difference between ice and water?

Back 36

ice has 4 h bonds, water has 3

Front 37

how many calories to boil dry 1 L water?

Back 37

666,000 calories

Front 38

water dissolves polar chems

Back 38

salt crystals ionize

Front 39

hydrophobic bonding

Back 39

type of weak bonding that is important in how protein chains fold into enzymes
ex. oil staying a blob in water (can't break H-bonds)

Front 40

pH of blood?

Back 40

7.4
@ 7.6 allealosis--pass out
@ 7.2 acidosis--pass out
damages metabolic enzymes, so can't make ATP so brain cells not powered, which causes pass out

Front 41

hydroxyl

Back 41

alcohol group. a polar group--increases solubility)
one chain--smells alcoholic
3 together--sweet

Front 42

glycerin

Back 42

sweet liquid used in cosmetics

Front 43

ethelyne alcohol

Back 43

a little sweet and alcoholic. springy smells becuse of antifreeze in the road

Front 44

carbonyl

Back 44

fairly polar. very chem. reactive (is in sugars)
fruity, perfumy smell.
fave of monkeys and humans (cats and dogs can't smell)

Front 45

amino

Back 45

fave. of carnivores. we like meaty smell. transfers ion to N in water.

Front 46

cadaverine

Back 46

forms lysine when bacteria metabolize meat. worst smell for humans, vultures=tracking smell

Front 47

sulhydryl

Back 47

slightly polar
soluable in water
chem reactive
sewer gas smell or rotten eggs or burnt hair
H2S very toxic

Front 48

corboxyl

Back 48

acidic, sour or tart
very polar

Front 49

phosphate

Back 49

makes ATP.
very polar
very acidic
salty taste

Front 50

methyl

Back 50

gassy, oil taste
methyl=gas
isopropyl=liquid
16 carbons=heavy grease
32 carbons=solid wax/grease
*bigger chain=more solid*