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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is blood made up of?
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45% plasma
55% cells *if there are too many cells, they will clog vessels* |
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what is plasma made up of?
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90% water
10% soluable dissolved solutes |
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What are some of the solutes in plasma?
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nutrients (lipids, glucose amino acids)
gasses (O2, CO2, N2) special substances (hormones, antibodies) |
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Name the three types of cells in blood.
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1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes 3. Platelets |
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What are erythrocytes? What are their shape?
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red blood cells. have no nucleus. carry O2 and hemoglobin.
*1 O2 can bind 4 hemoglobin* Shape: biconcave disc |
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What are leukocytes? What are the two types of leukocytes?
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white blood cells. have nucleus.
Two types: 1. Granulocytes 2. Agranulocyte |
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What are platelets?
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fragments of cells that stop blood flow from cuts.
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How does mononucleosis affect lymphocytes?
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it changes them to look like monocytes, but they aren't.
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What are the layers of an artery?
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inner: endothelial
middle: elastic fiber/smooth muscle outer: connective tissue |
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What are the layers of veins?
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inner: endothelial
middle: smooth muscle outer: connective tissue |
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What are the layers of capillaries?
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inner: endothelial
no middle, or outer layers |
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what causes varicose veins?
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broken valves in veins can't prevent backflow of blood.
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Name and define the 2 types of blood pressure.
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1. Systolic:blood pressure exerted on vessel walls
2. Diastolic: heart pressure |
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What is a sphygmomonometer?
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a machine used to measure BP
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What happens the farther away you move from the heart?
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blood pressure decreases accordingly.
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what is hypertension?
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abnormally high blood pressure
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what is hypotension?
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abnormally low blood pressure
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is pressure of inhalation negative or positive? pressure of exhalation?
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inhalation: negative
exhalation: positive |
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What does a spirometer do?
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it measures volumes of air in the lungs.
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what is tidal volume?
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the amount of air taken in and out during normal breathing
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what is inspiratory reserve volume?
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the amount of air voluntarily inhaled after a normal breath. (a deep breath)
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what is expiratory reserve volume?
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the amount of air voluntarily exhaled after a normal breath.
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what is residual volume?
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the amount of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs. (it is always partially inflated)
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how do you calculate inspirational volume?
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tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
(TV) + (IRV) |
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how do you calculate the functional residual capacity?
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(TV) + (ERV)
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how to you calculate vital capacity?
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(TV) + (ERV) + (IRV)
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how do you calculate total lung capacity?
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(TV) + (ERV) + (IRV) + (RV)
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what is the purpose of the kidney?
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1. to get rid of soluable wastes
2. to adjust the composition of the blood 3. filters blood, producing liquid waste (peepee) |
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what is the ureter?
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transports urine to the urinary bladder
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what is the urethra?
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transports urine out of the body
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what is the urinary bladder?
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stores peepee
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what is the pathway of urine through the body?
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1. Kidney (2)
2. ureter (2) 3. urinary bladder (1) 4. urethra (1) |
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what is the difference between the male and female urethra?
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in females it is very short. males is much shorter.
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what is the urogenital sinus?
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the connection of the vagina and the urethra, that separates before birth.
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What are testes?
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makes sperm and sex hormones
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what is the epidymus
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stores sperm
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what are the vas deferens
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transport sperm
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What is the spermatic cord?
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it includes the vas deferens, the spermatic artery, spermatic vein, and spermatic nerve
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Name the male accessory glands, and their functions.
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1. prostate gland
2. bulbourethral gland (cowper's) 3. seminal vesicles they secrete alkaline fluid, and enhance the motility & viability of sperm and nourishes sperm |
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what is seminal fluid made up of?
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the secretions from the accessory glands, and sperm
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what is the pathway of sperm through the body?
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testes (2)
epididymus (2) vans deferens (2) urethra (1) |
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what are the ovaries?
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produce eggs, and sex hormones
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what are oviducts?
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fallopian tubes--they transport the egg from ovary to the uterus/uterine horns
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what is the uterus and what are its parts?
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the uterus is where fertilization happens.
1. uterine horns (in animals with litters) 2. body of uterus 3. cervix |
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what is the inguinal canal?
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the path of the descent of the testes from inside the body, to the scrotum.
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what is the egg pathway?
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1. ovary (2)
2. fallopian tube (2) 3. uterine horn (2) 4. body of uterus (1) 5. cervix (1) 6. vagina (1) |
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What are nephrons?
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millions ot tubules in the kidney that do the work to perform urine.
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What are the three steps of urine formation in the nephrons?
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1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption 3. tubular secretion |
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what are the parts of the nephrons?
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1. cortex (outside)
2. medulla (inside) 3. pelvis (innermost) |
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What are the structures of the cortex?
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1. glomeruli
2. bowman's capsule 3. proximal convoluted tubule 4. distal convoluted tubule |
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what are the structures in the medulla?
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1. loop of henle
2. collecting duct |
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what is the pathway from plasma to urine?
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1. afferent arteriole
2. bowman's capsule 3. proximal convoluted tubule (tubular reabsorption) 4. loop of henle (H2O) reabsorption) 5. distal convoluted tube (tubular secretion) 6. collecting duct (H2O reabsorption) 7. renal pelvis 8. ureter |
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what are the body regions of the pig?
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cranial (head)
cervical (neck) trunk{thoracic-->lumbar--> sacrum caudal (tail) |
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what are the anatomical directions of the piglet?
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1. anterior (front)
2. posterior (back) 3. dorsal (top) 4. ventral (bottom) |
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where is the urogential opening in male and female pig?
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male--behind umbilical cord
female--close to the anus |
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what are the 3 openings of the pharynx?
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1. glottis
2. esophagus 3. nasopharynx |
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glottis?
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opening for air on its way to the trachea
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esophagus?
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portion of digestive tract that goes through neck and thorax to the stomach
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nasopharynx?
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leads to nasal passages
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hard palate? soft palate?
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hard--ridged roof of the mouth that separates oral and nasal cavities
soft--smooth region behind hard palate |
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epiglottis?
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covers the glottis so food and water doesn't go to trachea
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larynx?
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voice box (on top of trachea)
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trachea?
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windpipe (air to lungs)q
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thymus gland?
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part of lymphatic system
helps fight infection white blood cells mature there |
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thyroid gland?
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secretes hormones that travel in blood
regulates metabolism using thyroxine |
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pathway or respiration system?
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1. nose
2. nasopharynx 3. glottis 4. trachea 5. bronchi 6. bronchioles 7. alveoli (gas exchange) |
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pathway of digestive system?
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1. mouth
2. esophagus 3. cardiac sphincter 4. stomach 5. cardiac sphincter 6. small intestine (duodenum is first part) 7. cecum 8. large intestine (colon) 9. rectum 10. anus |
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purpose of circulation system?
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1. to circulate O2
2. to rid body of CO2 3. to carry nutrients to the body 4. to rid body of sulable wastes |
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veins? arteries? capillaries?
*artery exceptions? |
vein--pump blood toward hearr (O2 poor)
artery--pumps blood away from heart (O2 rich) capillary--connects arteries and veins *pulmonary & umbilical arteries |
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which vein has most oxygenated blood in the fetus?
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umbilical cord vein
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pulmonary circuit?
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gas exchange:
--puts O2 on hemoglobin, and rids of CO2 |
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systemic circuit?
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pumps blood throughoutt he rest of the body
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aortic arch branches?
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1. brachiocephalic artery
2. left subclavian artery |
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brachiocephalic artery branches?
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1. Left common corotid artery
2. Right common corotid artery 3. right subclavian artery |
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what does the celiac artery supply?
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1. stomach
2. liver 3. spleen 4. duodenum |
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what does the anterior mesenteric artery supply?
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1. pancreas
2. small intestine |
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what does the right external iliac vein do?
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becomes the femoral artery (to legs)
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hepatic vein?
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collects de-oxygenated blood after liver processes it and brings it to the inferior vena cava
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arterial duct?
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in fetal circulation!
is a shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta |
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foramen ovale?
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in fetal circulation!
2 atria |
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chordae tendineae?
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holds valve in place during heartbeat.
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parts of nervous system?
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central and peripheral
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what is central NS made of?
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brain and spinal cord
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what is peripheral NS made of?
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cranial nerves
spinal nerves |
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what is a neuron?
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a functional and structural unit of the nervous system
conducts nerve impulse |
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what are the parts of a neuron? define them.
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1. cell body--have nucleus & most of the metabolic machinery
2. dendrite--recieve stimuli from other cells and conduct nerve impulses to cell body 3. axon--transmit the impulse out of the cell body |
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what are bundled axons?
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nerves!
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function of a neuron?
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1. to recieve info from external/internal environment or other neuron
2. convert into to electrochemical signals which are transmitted through the neuron 3. transmit integrated info to other neurons or effector cells |
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what are effector cells?
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muscles, glands, etc.
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how do neurons communicate? describe.
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they use synapses.
--recieve nerve impulse --vesicles wrap up the neurotransmitters --the membrane melds with the wrapped up neuros, which releases the transmitters onto the receptors |
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what is the area where neurotransmitters connect with receptors called?
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the synaptic cleft
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liver?
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1. disposes of worn out blood cells
2. produces bile 3. stores glycogen 4. maintains blood glucose level 5. produces blood proteins |
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stomach?
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1. stores food
2. secretes gastric juice that digests protein |
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small intestine?
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1. recieves secretions from pacreas and liver
2. area of digestion 3. absorbs products of digestion (fats, amino acids, etc) |
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large intestine?
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1. absorbs water
2. prepares feces for defecation |
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gallbladder?
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1. stores and releases bile
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pancreas?
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1. exocrine--produces and secretes pancreatic juice
2. endocrine--pancreas secretes hormones insulin and glucagon into bloodstream |
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spleen?
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1. contains white and red blood cells
2. purifies blood 3. disposes of worn-out red blood cells |
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mesenteries?
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double layered sheets of peritoneum (membrane that lines organs) that project from body wall and support the organs.
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how can you stop a neuron signal from being transmitted?
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1. uptake by the presynaptic nerve
2. it is destroyed by an enzyme |
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name the 2 parts of the spinal cord.
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1. white matter (outside)
-contains fiber tracts 2. gray matter (inside) -contains interneuron and cell bodies of motor neurons |
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name the simple reflex arc parthway.
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1. receptor
2. sensory neuron 3. interneuron (can modify signal) 4. motor neuron 5. effector |
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medulla oblongata?
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controls internal organs (breathing and cardiac centers)
nerve impulses pass throughmedulla to higher parts of the brain. *most posterior portion |
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pons?
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ventral, bulblike enlargement on the brain stem. is a passageway for nerve impulses running btwn medulla to higher brain regions.
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midbrain?
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anterior to the pons. is a relay station for sensory input and motor output.
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hypothalamus?
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contains control centers for appetite, body temp, and water balance. primary function is homeostasis.
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thalamus?
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is the highest portion of the brain to recieve sensory impulses before the cerebrum. can control which impluses are passed up. called the "gatekeeper"
*2 connected lobes in the roof of the 3rd ventricle. |
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cerebellum?
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coordinates equilibrium and motor activity to produce smooth movements.
*located posterior to the cerebrum |
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cerebrum?
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most developed area of brain. responsible for higher mental capabilities.
*divided into L and R cerebral hemispheres |
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frontal lobe?
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controls motor functions and voluntary muscle control. speak, think, problem solve
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parietal lobe?
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recieves info from sensory receptors on the skin
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occipital lobe?
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interprets visual input.
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optic chiasma?
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where the optic nerves split
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temporal lobe?
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sensory areas for hearing and smelling.
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olfactory bulb?
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communicates w/ olfactory cells in nasal passages and takes nerve impluses to the temporal lobe.
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what are the 2 types of photoreceptors in the eye?
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cones (color--triangle shape)
rods (B&W--rectangle shape) |
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what are thermoreceptors?
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sensitive to temperature change in skin.
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what is the idea of habituation?
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if youo overstimulate a neuron, it will adapt and get used to it.
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name some chemoreceptors and their functions.
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1. tastebuds---for taste
2. olfactory--for smell |
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sclera?
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protects and supports eyeball
*outer layer of the eye |
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cornea?
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refracts ligth rays
*transparent part of sclera |
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choroid?
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absorbs stray light rays
*middle layer |
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retina?
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contains receptors for sight
*inner layer |
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iris?
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regulates light entrance
*anterior extension of choroid |
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pupil?
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admits light
*in the middle of the iris |
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aqueous humor?
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transmit and reflect light
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vitreous humor?
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supports the eyeball
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optic nerve?
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transmits impulses to brain
*extension from posterior of eye |
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pathway of blood through the heart?
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1. venae cavae
2. R atrium 3. tricuspid valve 4. R ventricle 5. pulmonary semilunar valve 6. pulmonary trunk 7. pulmonary artery 8. lungs (gas exchange) 9. pulmonary veins 10. L atrium 11. bicuspid valve 12. L ventricle 13. aortic semilunar valve 14. aorta |