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129 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is blood made up of?
45% plasma
55% cells

*if there are too many cells, they will clog vessels*
what is plasma made up of?
90% water
10% soluable dissolved solutes
What are some of the solutes in plasma?
nutrients (lipids, glucose amino acids)
gasses (O2, CO2, N2)
special substances (hormones, antibodies)
Name the three types of cells in blood.
1. Erythrocytes
2. Leukocytes
3. Platelets
What are erythrocytes? What are their shape?
red blood cells. have no nucleus. carry O2 and hemoglobin.
*1 O2 can bind 4 hemoglobin*
Shape: biconcave disc
What are leukocytes? What are the two types of leukocytes?
white blood cells. have nucleus.

Two types:
1. Granulocytes
2. Agranulocyte
What are platelets?
fragments of cells that stop blood flow from cuts.
How does mononucleosis affect lymphocytes?
it changes them to look like monocytes, but they aren't.
What are the layers of an artery?
inner: endothelial
middle: elastic fiber/smooth muscle
outer: connective tissue
What are the layers of veins?
inner: endothelial
middle: smooth muscle
outer: connective tissue
What are the layers of capillaries?
inner: endothelial

no middle, or outer layers
what causes varicose veins?
broken valves in veins can't prevent backflow of blood.
Name and define the 2 types of blood pressure.
1. Systolic:blood pressure exerted on vessel walls
2. Diastolic: heart pressure
What is a sphygmomonometer?
a machine used to measure BP
What happens the farther away you move from the heart?
blood pressure decreases accordingly.
what is hypertension?
abnormally high blood pressure
what is hypotension?
abnormally low blood pressure
is pressure of inhalation negative or positive? pressure of exhalation?
inhalation: negative
exhalation: positive
What does a spirometer do?
it measures volumes of air in the lungs.
what is tidal volume?
the amount of air taken in and out during normal breathing
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air voluntarily inhaled after a normal breath. (a deep breath)
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the amount of air voluntarily exhaled after a normal breath.
what is residual volume?
the amount of air that cannot be expelled from the lungs. (it is always partially inflated)
how do you calculate inspirational volume?
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

(TV) + (IRV)
how do you calculate the functional residual capacity?
(TV) + (ERV)
how to you calculate vital capacity?
(TV) + (ERV) + (IRV)
how do you calculate total lung capacity?
(TV) + (ERV) + (IRV) + (RV)
what is the purpose of the kidney?
1. to get rid of soluable wastes
2. to adjust the composition of the blood
3. filters blood, producing liquid waste (peepee)
what is the ureter?
transports urine to the urinary bladder
what is the urethra?
transports urine out of the body
what is the urinary bladder?
stores peepee
what is the pathway of urine through the body?
1. Kidney (2)
2. ureter (2)
3. urinary bladder (1)
4. urethra (1)
what is the difference between the male and female urethra?
in females it is very short. males is much shorter.
what is the urogenital sinus?
the connection of the vagina and the urethra, that separates before birth.
What are testes?
makes sperm and sex hormones
what is the epidymus
stores sperm
what are the vas deferens
transport sperm
What is the spermatic cord?
it includes the vas deferens, the spermatic artery, spermatic vein, and spermatic nerve
Name the male accessory glands, and their functions.
1. prostate gland
2. bulbourethral gland (cowper's)
3. seminal vesicles

they secrete alkaline fluid, and enhance the motility & viability of sperm and nourishes sperm
what is seminal fluid made up of?
the secretions from the accessory glands, and sperm
what is the pathway of sperm through the body?
testes (2)
epididymus (2)
vans deferens (2)
urethra (1)
what are the ovaries?
produce eggs, and sex hormones
what are oviducts?
fallopian tubes--they transport the egg from ovary to the uterus/uterine horns
what is the uterus and what are its parts?
the uterus is where fertilization happens.
1. uterine horns (in animals with litters)
2. body of uterus
3. cervix
what is the inguinal canal?
the path of the descent of the testes from inside the body, to the scrotum.
what is the egg pathway?
1. ovary (2)
2. fallopian tube (2)
3. uterine horn (2)
4. body of uterus (1)
5. cervix (1)
6. vagina (1)
What are nephrons?
millions ot tubules in the kidney that do the work to perform urine.
What are the three steps of urine formation in the nephrons?
1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
what are the parts of the nephrons?
1. cortex (outside)
2. medulla (inside)
3. pelvis (innermost)
What are the structures of the cortex?
1. glomeruli
2. bowman's capsule
3. proximal convoluted tubule
4. distal convoluted tubule
what are the structures in the medulla?
1. loop of henle
2. collecting duct
what is the pathway from plasma to urine?
1. afferent arteriole
2. bowman's capsule
3. proximal convoluted tubule (tubular reabsorption)
4. loop of henle (H2O) reabsorption)
5. distal convoluted tube (tubular secretion)
6. collecting duct (H2O reabsorption)
7. renal pelvis
8. ureter
what are the body regions of the pig?
cranial (head)
cervical (neck)
trunk{thoracic-->lumbar--> sacrum
caudal (tail)
what are the anatomical directions of the piglet?
1. anterior (front)
2. posterior (back)
3. dorsal (top)
4. ventral (bottom)
where is the urogential opening in male and female pig?
male--behind umbilical cord
female--close to the anus
what are the 3 openings of the pharynx?
1. glottis
2. esophagus
3. nasopharynx
glottis?
opening for air on its way to the trachea
esophagus?
portion of digestive tract that goes through neck and thorax to the stomach
nasopharynx?
leads to nasal passages
hard palate? soft palate?
hard--ridged roof of the mouth that separates oral and nasal cavities

soft--smooth region behind hard palate
epiglottis?
covers the glottis so food and water doesn't go to trachea
larynx?
voice box (on top of trachea)
trachea?
windpipe (air to lungs)q
thymus gland?
part of lymphatic system
helps fight infection
white blood cells mature there
thyroid gland?
secretes hormones that travel in blood
regulates metabolism using thyroxine
pathway or respiration system?
1. nose
2. nasopharynx
3. glottis
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. alveoli (gas exchange)
pathway of digestive system?
1. mouth
2. esophagus
3. cardiac sphincter
4. stomach
5. cardiac sphincter
6. small intestine (duodenum is first part)
7. cecum
8. large intestine (colon)
9. rectum
10. anus
purpose of circulation system?
1. to circulate O2
2. to rid body of CO2
3. to carry nutrients to the body
4. to rid body of sulable wastes
veins? arteries? capillaries?

*artery exceptions?
vein--pump blood toward hearr (O2 poor)
artery--pumps blood away from heart (O2 rich)
capillary--connects arteries and veins

*pulmonary & umbilical arteries
which vein has most oxygenated blood in the fetus?
umbilical cord vein
pulmonary circuit?
gas exchange:
--puts O2 on hemoglobin, and rids of CO2
systemic circuit?
pumps blood throughoutt he rest of the body
aortic arch branches?
1. brachiocephalic artery
2. left subclavian artery
brachiocephalic artery branches?
1. Left common corotid artery
2. Right common corotid artery
3. right subclavian artery
what does the celiac artery supply?
1. stomach
2. liver
3. spleen
4. duodenum
what does the anterior mesenteric artery supply?
1. pancreas
2. small intestine
what does the right external iliac vein do?
becomes the femoral artery (to legs)
hepatic vein?
collects de-oxygenated blood after liver processes it and brings it to the inferior vena cava
arterial duct?
in fetal circulation!
is a shunt between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
foramen ovale?
in fetal circulation!
2 atria
chordae tendineae?
holds valve in place during heartbeat.
parts of nervous system?
central and peripheral
what is central NS made of?
brain and spinal cord
what is peripheral NS made of?
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
what is a neuron?
a functional and structural unit of the nervous system
conducts nerve impulse
what are the parts of a neuron? define them.
1. cell body--have nucleus & most of the metabolic machinery
2. dendrite--recieve stimuli from other cells and conduct nerve impulses to cell body
3. axon--transmit the impulse out of the cell body
what are bundled axons?
nerves!
function of a neuron?
1. to recieve info from external/internal environment or other neuron
2. convert into to electrochemical signals which are transmitted through the neuron
3. transmit integrated info to other neurons or effector cells
what are effector cells?
muscles, glands, etc.
how do neurons communicate? describe.
they use synapses.
--recieve nerve impulse
--vesicles wrap up the neurotransmitters
--the membrane melds with the wrapped up neuros, which releases the transmitters onto the receptors
what is the area where neurotransmitters connect with receptors called?
the synaptic cleft
liver?
1. disposes of worn out blood cells
2. produces bile
3. stores glycogen
4. maintains blood glucose level
5. produces blood proteins
stomach?
1. stores food
2. secretes gastric juice that digests protein
small intestine?
1. recieves secretions from pacreas and liver
2. area of digestion
3. absorbs products of digestion (fats, amino acids, etc)
large intestine?
1. absorbs water
2. prepares feces for defecation
gallbladder?
1. stores and releases bile
pancreas?
1. exocrine--produces and secretes pancreatic juice
2. endocrine--pancreas secretes hormones insulin and glucagon into bloodstream
spleen?
1. contains white and red blood cells
2. purifies blood
3. disposes of worn-out red blood cells
mesenteries?
double layered sheets of peritoneum (membrane that lines organs) that project from body wall and support the organs.
how can you stop a neuron signal from being transmitted?
1. uptake by the presynaptic nerve
2. it is destroyed by an enzyme
name the 2 parts of the spinal cord.
1. white matter (outside)
-contains fiber tracts
2. gray matter (inside)
-contains interneuron and cell bodies of motor neurons
name the simple reflex arc parthway.
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. interneuron (can modify signal)
4. motor neuron
5. effector
medulla oblongata?
controls internal organs (breathing and cardiac centers)
nerve impulses pass throughmedulla to higher parts of the brain.

*most posterior portion
pons?
ventral, bulblike enlargement on the brain stem. is a passageway for nerve impulses running btwn medulla to higher brain regions.
midbrain?
anterior to the pons. is a relay station for sensory input and motor output.
hypothalamus?
contains control centers for appetite, body temp, and water balance. primary function is homeostasis.
thalamus?
is the highest portion of the brain to recieve sensory impulses before the cerebrum. can control which impluses are passed up. called the "gatekeeper"

*2 connected lobes in the roof of the 3rd ventricle.
cerebellum?
coordinates equilibrium and motor activity to produce smooth movements.

*located posterior to the cerebrum
cerebrum?
most developed area of brain. responsible for higher mental capabilities.
*divided into L and R cerebral hemispheres
frontal lobe?
controls motor functions and voluntary muscle control. speak, think, problem solve
parietal lobe?
recieves info from sensory receptors on the skin
occipital lobe?
interprets visual input.
optic chiasma?
where the optic nerves split
temporal lobe?
sensory areas for hearing and smelling.
olfactory bulb?
communicates w/ olfactory cells in nasal passages and takes nerve impluses to the temporal lobe.
what are the 2 types of photoreceptors in the eye?
cones (color--triangle shape)
rods (B&W--rectangle shape)
what are thermoreceptors?
sensitive to temperature change in skin.
what is the idea of habituation?
if youo overstimulate a neuron, it will adapt and get used to it.
name some chemoreceptors and their functions.
1. tastebuds---for taste
2. olfactory--for smell
sclera?
protects and supports eyeball
*outer layer of the eye
cornea?
refracts ligth rays
*transparent part of sclera
choroid?
absorbs stray light rays
*middle layer
retina?
contains receptors for sight
*inner layer
iris?
regulates light entrance
*anterior extension of choroid
pupil?
admits light
*in the middle of the iris
aqueous humor?
transmit and reflect light
vitreous humor?
supports the eyeball
optic nerve?
transmits impulses to brain
*extension from posterior of eye
pathway of blood through the heart?
1. venae cavae
2. R atrium
3. tricuspid valve
4. R ventricle
5. pulmonary semilunar valve
6. pulmonary trunk
7. pulmonary artery
8. lungs (gas exchange)
9. pulmonary veins
10. L atrium
11. bicuspid valve
12. L ventricle
13. aortic semilunar valve
14. aorta