Bio 1010 Exam 3

Front 1

chromatid

Back 1

ONE of the two replicated strands of a duplicated chromosome (joined by a centromere)

Front 2

spindle fibers

Back 2

microtubles that attach to the centromere and move the chromosomes around during cell division

Front 3

homologous chromosome

Back 3

duplicated chromosomes that are paired but chromosomes cam be unduplicated.

Front 4

cell cycle

Back 4

ordered sequence of stages through which a cell progresses in order to divide during its life.

Front 5

interphase

Back 5

is not a phase of cell division

Front 6

g1

Back 6

cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, are duplicated

Front 7

S

Back 7

Each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated by the cell

Front 8

G2

Back 8

the cell double checks the duplicated chromosome for error, making any needed repairs

Front 9

prophase

Back 9

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 10

prophase

Back 10

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 11

prophase

Back 11

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 12

prophase

Back 12

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 13

Metaphase

Back 13

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 14

prophase

Back 14

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 15

Metaphase

Back 15

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 16

prophase

Back 16

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 17

Metaphase

Back 17

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 18

prophase

Back 18

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 19

Metaphase

Back 19

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 20

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 20

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 21

prophase

Back 21

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 22

Metaphase

Back 22

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 23

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 23

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 24

prophase

Back 24

1st stage of mitosis, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disapear. the chromosome condense and can become seen. spindle fibers appear.

Front 25

Metaphase

Back 25

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 26

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 26

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 27

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 27

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 28

Metaphase

Back 28

the chromosomes are arranging themselves into the equatorial plane at the middle of the cell

Front 29

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 29

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 30

homologous chromosome

Back 30

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 31

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 31

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 32

homologous chromosome

Back 32

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 33

Metaphase in Mitosis

Back 33

homologous chromosome pairs DO NOT synapse or line up side by side

Front 34

homologous chromosome

Back 34

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 35

Anaphase

Back 35

the sister chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers into individual strands.

Front 36

homologous chromosome

Back 36

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 37

Anaphase

Back 37

the sister chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers into individual strands.

Front 38

homologous chromosome

Back 38

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 39

Anaphase

Back 39

the sister chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers into individual strands.

Front 40

homologous chromosome

Back 40

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 41

Anaphase

Back 41

the sister chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers into individual strands.

Front 42

Telophase

Back 42

the chromosomes disapear and the nuclear membrane reappears

Two separate nuclei

Front 43

homologous chromosome

Back 43

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 44

Anaphase

Back 44

the sister chromatids are pulled away by the spindle fibers into individual strands.

Front 45

homologous chromosome

Back 45

3 chromosomes that are actually paired

Front 46

Mitosis

Back 46

duplicated chromosomes are separated from one another and nuclear membrane reforms

Front 47

Cyrokinesis

Back 47

cytoplasmic contents will be divided in half by formation of a new cell membrane

Front 48

Mitosis

Back 48

nuclear division, division of contents in nucleus.

Front 49

Cyrokinesis

Back 49

then cytoplasm is divided into two cells, each containing a full complement of organelles and DNA

Front 50

karyotypes

Back 50

is just a picture where homologous chromosomes can be lined up and analyzed.

Front 51

diploid

Back 51

(2n) has 2 sets of chromosomes, one from the father, one from the mother

Front 52

Haploid number

Back 52

Half the number of chromosomes than a diploid. humans sex cells are haploid cells

Front 53

somatic cell

Back 53

every somatic cell is diploid except sex cells

Front 54

gametes

Back 54

specialized reproductive cells that are haploid. each carries only one of each parents two homologous chromosomes.

Front 55

diploid zygote

Back 55

carries 2 copies of every gene and every chromosome

Front 56

meiosis

Back 56

a unique kind of cell division. involves one extra nuclear division = chromosome number reduced by half in gametes relative to somatic cells (46 to 23)

Front 57

meiosis 1

Back 57

end up with two daughter cells being pulled apart. germ cell is diploid and chromosomes start to pair up.

Front 58

synapsis

Back 58

occurs when the replicated homologous pair (only during meiosis)

Front 59

meiosis 2

Back 59

pulls the single duplicated chromosome into separate chromatids and we end with 4 haploid gametes. pulling apart sister chromatids, no longer homologous.

Front 60

germ cells

Back 60

gamete producing cells

Front 61

cell cycle checkpoints

Back 61

ensure that each stage of the cell cycle is completed accurately

Front 62

apoptosis

Back 62

is cell suicide, also is an integral part of normal development

Front 63

cancer

Back 63

a disease of unregulated cell division. cells divide inappropriately and accumulate, in quite a few cases form a tumor. cancer cells evade cell cycle checkpoints.

Front 64

metastisis

Back 64

the spread of cancer cells from one location in the body to another

Front 65

angiogenesis

Back 65

migration of cancer cells

Front 66

chemotherapy

Back 66

uses drugs to interfere with cells division to treat cancer. all cells are affected but more cancer cells die because they replicate much faster.

Front 67

radiation therapy

Back 67

high energy light therapy to kill dividing cells, severely damaging molecules and DNA to trigger apoptosis

Front 68

P generation

Back 68

the first generation or parents in a genetic cross

Front 69

F1 generation

Back 69

then offspring of the parents, the first of offspring in a genetic cross

Front 70

F2

Back 70

children of F1 and grandchildren of g

Front 71

monohybrid cross

Back 71

genetic cross in which the inheritance of one trait is observed. A monohybrid cross of two heterozygous individuals yields a 3:1 phenotypic ratio among offspring

Front 72

Dihybrid cross

Back 72

a genetics cross in which the inheritance of 3 traits is observed. more info

Front 73

punnet square

Back 73

shorthand method for predicting the outcomes of crosses

Front 74

test cross

Back 74

to determine the unknown genotype of an individual, we mate the unknown dominant to a homozygous recessive and examine the offspring in a test cross

Front 75

carriers

Back 75

individuals who are heterozygous for a gene of interest- can pass on the recessive allele without a genotype (no effect)

Front 76

dominant alleles

Back 76

disease have a higher probability of appearing in offspring (only need one copy) than disease due to recessive alleles