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56 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Binary fission |
Bacterial DNA replicates at specific site then partition forms dividing the cell |
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Clonal reproduction |
A form of asexual reproduction, bacterial cell produced is identical copy of original cell |
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Somatic cells |
Non reproductive cells of embryos and mature individuals |
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Germ cells or gametes |
Sex cells; sperm & egg |
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Karyotype |
Particular array of chromosomes, individual organism possesses variation in size in centromoere position |
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Homologous chromosome |
Maternal & paternal members of each chromosome pair in cell, similar not identical carrying different versions of same genetic material |
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Diploid number |
2 sets chromosomes in plants & animals |
46 in man |
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Haploid number |
Single set chromosomes |
23 in man |
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Sexual reproduction |
Alternation of meiosis and fertilization, offspring inherit chromosomes from two parents with their DNA |
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Syngamy or fertilization |
Fusion of gametes forming a zygote |
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Nucleus |
contains chromosomes, nuclei, nuclear membrane and genes |
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Chromosome |
Consist of DNA, made of nucleotides and histones forming chromatin |
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Centromere |
Visible point of constriction at chromosome with DNA and protein |
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Spindle fibers |
Composed of microtubules assembled during prophase at equator, carrying out separation of chromosomes at mitosis |
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Aster |
Radial array of microtubules extending from the centrioles towards the plasma membrane to brace the centrioles |
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Kintochore |
Disk-shaped structure composed of proteins at the centromere attaching to microtubules at mitosis and meiosis |
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Centriole |
In cytoplasm outside nuclear membrane identical to the basal body of animals; device and organizes spindle fibers at mitosis and meiosis |
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Nucleosome |
Basic packaging unit of eukaryote chromosomes in which DNA is wound around a ball of histone proteins |
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Histones |
Complex of basic polypeptides rich in amino acid arginine and lysine |
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lysosomes |
Digestive enzymes break down cell content, chromosomal DNA fragment, nucleus dissolves, cell shrinks phagocytized by macrophages |
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Cell cycle |
Repetitions of cell growth reproduction consisting of interphase and mitosis |
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Mitosis |
Method of asexual reproduction, allows growth forming new cells replacing older ones forms two daughter cells |
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Interphase |
Consist of G1, s and g2 phases when proteins and enzymes are synthesized and DNA replicates |
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Prophase |
Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, dividing into chromatids, spindle fibers form centriole migrate to opposite poles |
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Metaphase |
Chromatids line up at equatorial plate attach to spindle fibers |
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Anaphase |
Chromatids, now chromosomes move to opposite poles with elongation of spindle fibers |
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Telophase |
chromosomes are and opposite poles become in chromatin again, spindle fibers dismantle nucleoli reappear nuclear membrane reform |
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Cytokinesis |
Cytoplasm divides the two daughter cells are produced |
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Cell plate |
Forms in plant cells when cytokinesis occur, start at middle growing outward |
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Cleavage furrow |
Forms and animal cells at cytokinesis, starts the margins pinching the cell into 2 |
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Meiosis |
Gametes , a process by which 2n comes n. |
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Reduction division |
Process by which chromosome number is half during gamete formation producing 4 cells |
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Synapsis |
Homologous chromatids align next to other forming a tetrad |
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Linkage |
Tendency of genes located on same chromosome to be transmitted together disrupting by crossing over |
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Crossing over |
Genetic recombination where segments of DNA from one chromatid in tetrad pass to another chromatid |
Exchange of chromosome material in genes |
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Cancer |
Uncontrolled growth of cells and humans; disease of cell division where cell control failed |
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Carcinogenesis |
Development of cancer |
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Benign growth |
Tumor cells are confined and don't spread |
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Malignant growth |
Tumor cells spread to other organs through the blood and lymph |
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Metastasis |
Spread of malignant cells which invade distant sites, forming new tumors causing death when functioning organs is interfered with |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death controlled by nuclear genes. |
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Tumor suppressor genes |
Normally function to inhibit cell division and mutate leading to cancer when both copies of the gene or mutant |
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Proto-oncogenes |
Normal cellular genes that become cancer genes once they mutate. Growth factors bind to cell receptors |
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Mutation |
Damage to DNA caused by chemicals, UV rays, radiation and viruses |
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Pedigree |
Chart showing genetic connections among individuals providing inheritance patterns through several generations |
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Aneuploidy |
Condition in which gametes of an affected individual end up with 1 extra or one less chromosome than normal |
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Polyploidy |
Presence of three or more of each type of chromosomes in gametes or sex, |
Common in plants, lethal in humans |
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Structural changes in chromosomes |
Duplication, deletion, inversion, insertion and translocation |
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Mitochondrial DNA |
Inherited from one's mother used to trace maternal lines of descent |
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Genetic abnormality / disorder / disease |
Genetic condition that deviate from the usual causing medical problems and increases susceptibility to infection or weakening immunity |
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Trisomy 21 |
Individual has 3 chromosomes in number 21 |
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Down's syndrome |
total 47 chromosomes, with mental retardation, slanting eyes, heart defects |
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Turner syndrome |
Females who are XO with 45 chromosomes; infertile with shorter life expectancy |
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Klinefelter's syndrome |
Males who are XXY with 47 chromosomes; sterile with slight mental retardation and body feminization |
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Autosomal dominant conditions |
Achondroplasia, Huntington's chorea and Hutchinson Gilford syndrome |
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Sex linked recessive conditions |
Color blindness, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, hemophilia A and fragile X chromosome |
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