Bio 101

Front 1

What are the upper airways?

Back 1

External nose, Nasal Cavity, Pharynx

Front 2

What are the lower airways?

Back 2

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs

Front 3

What is the path of air from nose to alveolus?

Back 3

air > external nose > nasal cavity > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea > Lft & Rt bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli (site of gas exchange)

Front 4

What is Surfactant pressure?

Back 4

~ decreases surface tension of fluid in the alveoli

~reduces lungs from collapsing

~lacks in babies with hyaline membrane disease

~decreases energy required to keep the lungs inflated.

Front 5

What is Pleural pressure?

Back 5

~is the pressure surrounding the lung, within the pleural space.

~pleural pressure in the cavity is less than alveolar pressure, causing aveoli to expand.

Front 6

describe the respiratory center of brain

Back 6

~located in the medulla oblongata and lower pons.

1) sends signals to the diaphragm through phrenic nerve
2) has neurons that produce action potentials for a short time and then fatigue
3)sends signals to some respiratory muscles through spinal nerves

Front 7

White blood cell types

Granulocytes

Back 7

~contain large cytoplasmic granules

Front 8

White blood cell types

Agranulocytes

Back 8

~contain very small granules that cannot be seen easily with the microscope

Front 9

Granulocyte

Neutrophils

Back 9

~most common WBC with 2-4 lobes that stain light pink/reddish purple.

~phagocytize microorganisms and other substances

Front 10

Granulocyte

Basophils

Back 10

~least common WBC with 2 distinct lobes that stain blue-purple

~releases histamine (promotes inflammation)

~releases heparin (prevents clot formation)

Front 11

Granulocyte

Eosophils

Back 11

~contain bilobed nucleus
~granules stain bright red
~releases chemicals that reduce inflammation
~attacks certain parasites

Front 12

Agranulocytes

Lymphocytes

Back 12

~smallest WBC with round nucleus whose cytoplasm forms a ring around nucleus
~produces antibodies & other chemicals responsible for killing microorganisms
~contribute to allergic reactions, tumor control and immune system regulation

Front 13

Agranulocytes

Monocytes

Back 13

~ largest WBC with round, kidney-shaped or horseshoe shaped nucleus
~has more cytoplasm than lymphocyte
~phagocytic cell in blood
~leaved blood to become macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris

Front 14

Medulla Oblongata

Back 14

~regulation of heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, balance & coordination

Front 15

Medulla Oblongata

Back 15

~Sensory nerves conduct action potentials to the cardioregulatory & vasomotor centers during a baroreceptor reflex

Front 16

Medulla Oblangata

Back 16

~Chemoreceptors monitor CO2 & PH, detects how much CO2 is in the bloodstream.
~Sends impulses through the nerves to the diaphragm which makes us breathe faster and get rid of CO2

Front 17

Sympathetic system

Back 17

~responsible for fight for flight
~prepared body for physical activity
~secretes norepinephrine

Front 18

Relationship of CO2 to PH

Back 18

As CO2 increases, blood PH decreases & becomes more acidic, because CO2 reacts with H2O to form H2CO3. ^PH=v H+. To fix his, we must urine out H2CO3 to = H2CO3 v = ^H+

Front 19

Relationship of pressure and volume

Back 19

~during inspiration alveoli pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
~When the diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases
~during quiet breathing, passive recoil of the lung and thoracic wall causes expiration
~during labored breathing, the internal intercostals and abdominal muscle assist in expiration

Front 20

Functions and components of the respiratory system

Back 20

~gas exchange, regulation of blood PH, voice production, innate immunity
~Pulmonary ventilation = breathing
~External respiration-air in the lungs, gas exchange; load CO2 & unload O2
~transport of respiratory gases
~internal respiration
~cellular respiration

Front 21

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Back 21

~Largest lung volume that can be inspired forcefully beyond resting tidal volume (abt 3000ML)

Front 22

Vital Capacity (VC)

Back 22

~VC=Inspiratory reserve volume (IVR) +Tidal Volume(VT)+expiratory reserve volume(ERV)
~maximum volume a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inpiration

Front 23

Tidal Volume (VT)

Back 23

~Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath at rest
~quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of abt 500ML

Front 24

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 24

~results when the respiratory system is unable to eliminate enough amts of CO2
~CO2 accumulates in the circulatory system, causing PH of the body fluids to decline

Front 25

Respiratory Alkalosis

Back 25

~results from hyperventilation
~occurs when blood PH is above 7.4

Front 26

condition for gas exchange to move between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillary

Back 26

~gas exchange occurs in the alveolar ducts and alveoli where there is contact with the pulmonary capillary = respiratory membrane

Front 27

How does CO2 transport in the blood occur?`

Back 27

~most CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions in the blood

Front 28

Formed elements

Red blood cells

Back 28

~Also named erythrocytes
~take up 95% volume

Front 29

Formed elements

White Blood cells

Back 29

~Also called leukocytes
~make - up remaining 5%

Front 30

Formed elements

Platelets

Back 30

~Also called thrombocytes
~makeup remaining 5%

Front 31

ABO Blood typing

Back 31

~type A = type b antibody
~type B = type A antibody
~type AB = no antibody (known as the universal recipient)
~type O = type A and type B antibodies (known as the universal donor)

Front 32

Right side of heart

Back 32

~consists of rt atrium, rt ventricle, & pulmonary trunk
~carried deoxygenated blood
~forces blood to flow to the lungs

Front 33

Left side of heart

Back 33

~consists of lft atrium, lft ventricle, aorta, pulmonary veins.
~carries oxygenated blood to the body

Front 34

Pulmonary veins

Back 34

~consists of 4 veins
~2 from lft lung, 2 from rt lung
~They carry oxygenated blood from lungs & deposits this blood into the left atrium

Front 35

Coronary Arteries

Back 35

~there are 2 arteries that originate from the base of the aorta that supply oxygenated blood to the wall of the hrt

Front 36

Coronary sinuses

Back 36

~large vein located within the coronary sulcus
~collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle by way of the coronary veins & drains into the rt atrium

Front 37

Pulmonary trunk

Back 37

~receives deoxygenated blood pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valves
~divides to form rt & lft arteries that carry deoxygenated blood to the rt lungs where the blood gas exchange happens

Front 38

Superior Vena Cava

Back 38

returns deoxygenated blood from the head, neck, thorax, & upper limbs to the rt atrium

Front 39

Inferior Vena Cava

Back 39

~returns deoxygenated blood from the abdomen, pelvis, & lower limbs to the rt atrium

Front 40

Tricuspid valve

Back 40

~has 3 cusps
~located between rt atrium and rt ventricle

Front 41

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Back 41

~has 2 cusps
~located between the the lft arium and lft ventricle

Front 42

Aortic Semilunar valve

Back 42

~prevents backflow from the aorta back toward the lft ventricle

Front 43

pulmonary Semilunar valve

Back 43

prevents backflow from the pulmonary trunk back toward the rt ventricle.

Front 44

Interventricular septum

Back 44

~partition that separates the rt & lft atria

Front 45

Normal pathway of blood flow

Back 45

1)superior/inferior vena cava drain deoxygenated blood into rt atrium
2)blood flows through tricuspid valve into rt ventricle. Atria contracts & ejects remaining blood into ventricle
3) rt ventricle contracts & ejects blood through pulmonary trunk
4)deoxygenated blood travels through pulmonary trunk & goes through lft & rt arteries. Goes to lungs for gas exchange
5)Oxygenated blood is carried out of lungs by pulmonary veins & drains into lft atrium
6)lft atrium pushes blood through bicuspid valve into lft ventricle
7)lft ventricle contracts & oxygenated blood is pumped through the aortic semilunar valve, & out of aorta, sending oxygenated blood back into circulation

Front 46

SA Node

Back 46

~functions as the hearts pacemaker
~located in the superior wall of the rt atrium
~initiates heart contraction
~produce action potential that spread over the rt & Lft atrium, causing them to contract

Front 47

AV Node

Back 47

~located in the lower portion of the rt atrium in the interatrial septum
~serves as a delay signal to allow the atria to complete contraction before action potentials are delivered to the ventricles

Front 48

Atrial ventricular bundle (Bundle of His)

Back 48

~Only electrical connection between the atria & ventricles.

~located in the superior inter-ventricular septum

Front 49

Bundle Branches

Back 49

~divides into left & right bundle branches

~leads down towards the apex of the hrt

Front 50

Purkinje fibers

Back 50

~conduction myofibers located within the papillary muscles of the ventricles.

~conduct impulses into mass of ventricular muscle tissue, which causes ventricles to contract & forces blood out of lower chamber

Front 51

pwave

Back 51

~small upward wave that represents atrial depolarization

~beginning of pwave precedes the onset of atrial contraction

Front 52

QRS

Back 52

~represents onset ventricular depolarization

~beginning of QRS complex precedes ventricular contraction

Front 53

T-wave

Back 53

~dome shaped upward reflection

~represents ventricular repolarization
~occurs right before ventricles relax

Front 54

Tachychardia

Back 54

~occurs when heart rate is more than 100beats per minute

Front 55

Bradychardia

Back 55

~occurs when hear rate is less than 60 beats/min

Front 56

Pulmonary Arteries

Back 56

~2 vessels that branch off from the pulmonary trunk: left & rt pulmonary artery
~each extend into lungs where deoxygenated blood undergoes blood exchange

Front 57

pulmonary capillaries

Back 57

~smallest, thinnest blood vessels in the lungs that permit the exchange of gases, nutrients & wastes between blood and tissues

Front 58

systemic vessels

Back 58

~transport blood through all parts of body from lft ventricle to rt atrium
~supply oxygen & nutrients to all cells of the body
~are part of of the peripheral circulation
~carry away CO2 & waste from all cells of the body

Front 59

all involved in respiration

Back 59

~gas exchange between blood & tissue = internal , ventilation, movement of air in & out of lungs, gas exchange b/w air in lungs & blood = external respiration

Front 60

pulmonary veins

Back 60

~there are 4 pulmonary veins (2 frm each lung) that exit the lungs & carry deoxygenated blood to lft atrium, which pumps blood through bicuspid valve into lft ventricle, then through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta to be circulated to the body

Front 61

hemoglobin recycling in the spleen

Back 61

old, abnormal or damaged rbc's are removed from blood by macrophages found the spleen or liver. .macrophages the globin part of the hemoglobin molecules is broken down into amino acid that is reused to produce other proteins. The iron released from the heme part of the hemoglobin molecule is transported in the blood to the red bone marrow and reused to produce new hemoglobin.
~the heme molecules are converted to bilirubin that is normally taken up by the liver & released into the small intestine as part of bile.

Front 62

correct sequence of the pharynx

Back 62

~nasopharynx
~oropharynx
~laryngopharynx

Front 63

Respiratory passages largest to smallest

Back 63

1)bronchi
2)bronchioles
3)terminal bronchioles
4)respiratory bronchioles
5)alveoli

Front 64

Respiratory membrane

Back 64

~membrane in the lungs across in which gas exchange occurs with blood
~consists of a thin layer of fluid, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium, interstitial space, basement membrane of capillary endothelium, & capillary endothelium

Front 65

pleural cavity

Back 65

~lie between the visceral and parietal
~parietal pleura are filled with pleural fluid

Front 66

pressure during inspiration

Back 66

~As the external intercostals & diaphragm contract, the lungs expand. The expansion of the lungs causes the pressure in the lungs (and alveoli) to become slightly negative relative to atmospheric pressure. As a result, air moves from an area of higher pressure (the air) to an area of lower pressure (our lungs & alveoli).

Front 67

pressure during expiration

Back 67

~the respiration muscles relax & lung volume descreases. This causes pressure in the lungs (and alveoli) to become slight positive relative to atmospheric pressure. As a result, air leaves the lungs.

Front 68

relation b/w the diaphragm and thoracic cavity

Back 68

~When the diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases
~the air pressure inside the thoracic cavity is less than the atmospheric pressure & air rushes into lungs to equalize pressure greadient

Front 69

quiet breathing and passive recoil

Back 69

~during quiet breathing , passive recoil of the lung & thoracic wall cause expiration

Front 70

labored breathing

Back 70

~during labored, the internal intercostals & abdominal muscle assist in expiration

Front 71

oxygen transport

Back 71

~O2 combines with the heme group of the hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
~an increase in temperature increases the amt of O2 released in the tissue capillaries

Front 72

gas exchange across respiratory membrane

Back 72

~thickness of the membrane
~total surface area of membrane, if reduced there is a reduced rate of diffusion across the membrane
~rate at which gas diffuses through the fluids
~the concentration gradient for gases across the membrane

Front 73

pulmonary circulation

Back 73

~system of blood vessels that carries blood from rt ventricle to to the lungs, and back to lft atrium
~brings deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation back to the heart to be oxygenated in lungs

Front 74

systematic circulation

Back 74

~carry blood back from lft ventricle to tissues th blood troughout the body.
~oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins pass from lect atrium onto lft ventricle, and from left ventricle into the aorta
~arteries distribute blood from the aorta throughout the rest of the body's circulation

Front 75

hemoglobin

Back 75

~main component of the RBC's
~heme gives it its red pigment and contains iron atom necessary for oxygen transport
~iron binds to O2 molecule, which is picked up in lungs and released to other tissues
~hemoglobin that is bound to an O2 molecule is bright red
~hemoglobin with no O2 molecule is darker red

Front 76

pacemaker of heart

Back 76

~the sa is the pacemaker of hrt located in the superior wall of the rt atrium & initiates the hear to contract
~produces action potential that spreads over rt & lft atria which produces contraction
~SA node has a larger # of CA2+ channels than other heart cells
~along with na+ channels, the ca2+ channels open spontaneously open & close at a rhythmic rate

Front 77

primary bronchus

Back 77

~one of the two main air passages that branch from the trachea and convey air to the lungs as part of the respiratory system. The right primary bronchus enters the right lung nearly opposite the fifth thoracic vertebra. The left primary bronchus divides into bronchi for the superior and anterior lobes of the lung.

Front 78

secondary bronchus

Back 78

~Secondary bronchi (also known as lobar bronchi) arise from the primary bronchi, with each one serving as the airway to a specific lobe of the lung.

Front 79

respiratory bronchiole

Back 79

~the smallest bronchioles (0.5 mm in diameter) that connect the terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts; alveoli rise from part of the wall, thus permitting the exchange of gases.

Front 80

terminal bronchiole

Back 80

~the smallest bronchioles (0.5 mm in diameter) that connect the terminal bronchioles to alveolar ducts; alveoli rise from part of the wall, thus permitting the exchange of gases.

Front 81

Sensory neuron

Back 81

~responsible for converting various external stimuli that come from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli

Front 82

sensory receptor

Back 82

~responsible for converting various external stimuli that come from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli

Front 83

motor neuron

Back 83

~A neuron that conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a muscle, gland, or other effector tissue.

Front 84

Effector organ

Back 84

~A neuron that conveys impulses from the central nervous system to a muscle, gland, or other effector tissue.

Front 85

vagus

Back 85

~sensory to pharynx, larynx, and viscera
~motor to palate, pharynx, and larynx
~parasympathetic to viscera of thorax and abdomen

Front 86

total lung capacity

Back 86

~inspiratory=reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume+tidal volume+residual volume

Front 87

tidal volume

Back 87

~volume of air inspired or expired w/each breath.
~at rest, quiet breathing results in a tidal volume of abt 500ML

Front 88

expiratory reserve volume

Back 88

~amt of air that can be expired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume

Front 89

inspiratory capacity

Back 89

~amt of air that can be inspired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume

Front 90

residual volume

Back 90

~volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages & lungs after maximum expiration

Front 91

active transport

Back 91

~ movement of all types of molecules across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). In all cells, this is usually concerned with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids.

Front 92

endocardium

Back 92

~smooth inner surface of the heart chambers consisting of simple squamous epithelium over a layer of connective tissue
~allows blood to easily move through the heart

Front 93

epicardium

Back 93

~visceral pericardium
~thin, serous membrane forming the smooth outer surface of the heart

Front 94

myocardium

Back 94

~thick middle layer of the heart
~composed of cardiac muscle cells
~responsible for contraction of muscle heart chambers

Front 95

HDN

Back 95

~stands for hemolytic ditsease of the newborn
~caused by rh incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother and an rh-positive fetus
~can be prevented by injecting rhogam

Front 96

type 1cells

Back 96

~form a simple squamous lining of the alveolar wall

Front 97

type 2 cells

Back 97

~interrupt above lining and secrete surfactant

Front 98

heart sounds
Lubb

Back 98

~the first heart sound
~lower pitch than the second sound
~occurs at the beginning of the ventricular systole
~results from closure of the AV valves

Front 99

heart sounds
Dupp

Back 99

~the second heart sound
~occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole
~results from closure of the semilunar valves

Front 100

internodal atrial muscle

Back 100

~INTERNODAL ATRIAL MUSCLE FIBERS CONDUCT IMPULSES TO DISTANT REGIONS OF ATRIA

Front 101

regulation of acid base balance
blood ph increases

Back 101

~H+ secretes into urine and decreases hco3
~must release H+ to increase HCO3 (in kidneys you urine it out, in lungs you hypoventilate)

Front 102

kidneys

Back 102

~produce urine, which is conducted by the ureters to the bladder
~excrete nitrogenous wastes including urea, uric acid, and creatinine
~maintain normal water-salt balance &acid base balance of blood
~divided into renal cortex, renal medulla, & renal pelvis

Front 103

nephrons

Back 103

~functional unit of the kidneys
~each has its own blood supply
~afferent arteriole approaches the glomerular capsule &divides to become glomerulus, a capillary tuft
~the efferent arteriole leaves the capsule & branches into the peritubular capillary network

Front 104

nephrons

Back 104

~each region of the nephron is anatomically suited to its task in urine formation
~spaces between the podocytes of the glomerular capsule allow small molecules to enter the capsule from the glomerulus

Front 105

urine formation steps

Back 105

1) glomerular filtration
2)tubular reabsorption
3)tubular secretion

Front 106

filtration

Back 106

~filtering materials from glomariolous into bowmans capsule

Front 107

tubular reabsorption

Back 107

~reabsorption of solutes from the glomerular filtrate by the tubules, the conservation of protein, glucose and bicarbonate, and the conservation of the water that accompanies them.
~going from the tubule back to the peritubular capillaries

Front 108

tubular secretion

Back 108

~everything secreted & not reabsorbed will be peed out
~solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron into the filtrate

Front 109

regulation of acid base balance
blood ph increases

Back 109

~HCO3 secretes into urine and decreases H+
~must release HCO3 to increase H+ (in kidneys you urine it out, in lungs you hyperventilate)