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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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incomplete dominance
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neither allele is dominant
heterozygous phenotype is intermediate red+white flower= red,white,pink |
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phenotype
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outward appearance
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homozygous
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both alleles the same
AA or aa (not Aa) can be dominant or recessive |
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heterozygous
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different alleles
(Aa) only dominant |
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Eukaryotic
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multi-celled organism
-linear DNA -chromatin DNA + histone proteins -have organelles -division of labor |
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genome
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all genetic info/DNA of a species
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polygenic trait
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more than 1 gene/protein combine to give trait
-height |
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Pleitropy trait
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1 gene gives many traits
-hemoglobin |
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binary fission
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asexual reproduction
-offspring genetically identical -replication: complimentary DNA, strands unwind and are completed. |
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meiosis
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gamete production
-gonads -crossing over -occurs twice -4 genetically different daughter cells |
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mitosis
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new cells genetically identical to old
-2 daughter cells -diploid cells (homologous chrom) -somatic cells |
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haploid cell
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one copy of each chromosome
-gametes |
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diploid cell
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two copies of each chromosome
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codominance
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heterozygote displays both
mosaic/spot pattern |
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telomere
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tells a cell when to die
-cut shorter in each replication -cancer is a defect in the telomere |
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restriction enzyme
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binds and cuts DNA at specific sequence
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nondisjunction
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chromosomes don't segregate equally meiosis
-down syndrome |
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karyotype
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visual display of chromosomes
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genetic modification
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utilizes organisms reproductive system
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pros of genetic modification
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draught tolerance, more nutritious, pest resistance, disease resistance
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cons of genetic modification
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genes "escaping", pesticides, human health?
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calvin cycle
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takes place in stroma
CO2 attached to molecules to build sugar energy consumed (ATP->ADP) |
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mitochondria
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convert energy from food so cells can use it
-has own DNA (mtDNA) -most of our oxygen goes here |
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stroma
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where synthesis occurs
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chloroplast
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convert light energy to food
-contains DNA -filled with stroma where synthesis occurs -thylakoid where light reactions take place |
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cellular respiration
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o2+glucose-->h2o+ATP+CO2
exogenic -glycolysis -krebs cycle -electron transport chain |
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photosynthesis
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sun+h2o+co2-->o2+glucose
endogenic photo/light reaction: solar energy stored synthesis/dark: stored energy released and used to make sugars |
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chromosome
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specific piece of DNA with many genes
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gene
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section of DNA with coding for a specific protein
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prokaryote
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single celled organisms
-circular DNA -no histones -no nucleus -very little DNA ex: bacteria, amoeba |
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test cross
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determines unnkown genotype
-offspring phenotype tells unknown genotype |
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genotype
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underlying compostion of phenotype
-combination of alleles |
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translation
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-in cytoplasm
-ribosomes -produces proteins |
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transcription
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-in nucleus
-RNA molecules used |
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ATP
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temporarily stores energy &provides fuel for cellular activity
3 phosphate ions by high energy bonds -breaking bonds ATP --> ADP |
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kreb's cycle
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releases up to 24 ATP from broken down glucose molecule
-releases co2 |
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thylakoid
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where photo reactions take place
-contain chlorophyll |
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allele
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alternate versions of the same gene that code for the same trait
-genes usually have 2 alleles (can be more) |
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nucleus
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nuclear membrane contains chromatin (DNA plus proteins) and nucleolus which makes ribosomes
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mitochondria
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converts food into energy, has mtDNA (instructions for making proteins), come from your mom
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chloroplasts
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conducts photosynthesis
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lysosomes
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store, digest, and recycle waste, contains enzymes and acids
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endoplasmic reticulum
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produces lipids and proteins used elsewhere in the cell, digests other molecules and recycles them, contains ribosomes
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golgi apparatus
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molecules made in the endoplasmic reticulum are packaged into vesicles for transport
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vacuoles
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stores nutrients, waste, pigment, toxins, gives a cell shape and support.
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starch
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polysaccharide with glucose subunit
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lipids
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nonpolar molecules
such as fats (store energy), sterols (regulate growth and development), and phospholipids (form cellular membrane) |
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protein
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made of amino acids (20 different kind of amino acids)
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DNA basepairs:
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adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine |
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RNA
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extra oxygen in sugar, single strand, uracil instead of thymine
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endosymbiosis theory
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explains origin of some organelles and eukaryotic cells in general
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passive transport
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diffusion (high to low concentration), osmosis (water moves across membrane to equalize concentration)
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active transport
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requires energy, changes the structure of the membrane by changing bonds
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ATP
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molecule that temporarily stores energy and provides fuel for cellular activity
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calvin cycle
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co2 attached to molecules to build sugar, energy is consumed
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Transcription
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DNA copies to mRNA in nucleus, mRNA leaves the nucleus for a ribosome
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translation
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mRNA read in the ribosomes and proteins are made
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single base mutation
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substitution, deletion, insertions
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whole chromosome rearrangement
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gene deletion, relocation, duplication
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causes of mutation
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spontaneous errors in transcript/translate, radiation, chemicals
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