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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All organ systems should function together with the goal of maintaining:
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homeostasis
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What are the parameters of homeostasis?
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98.6 Degrees, ph 7.4
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What are the kingdoms of life?
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Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
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What is monera?
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single-celled, no nucleus (bacteria)
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What is protista?
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single-celled, with nucleus (algae, protozoa)
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What is plantae?
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multicellular, photosynthetic (plants)
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What is Fungi?
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Multicellular, absorptive digestion (mushrooms, molds)
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What is Animalia?
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multicellular, ingestive digestion (animals)
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Vertebrates
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Animals with backbones
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invertebrates
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animals without backbones
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Biosphere
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portion of the earth that sustains life
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population
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a group of organisms of one species living in an area
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community
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all of the populations in an area
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ecosystem
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the living community considered along with the non-living aspects of the environment
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elements
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the basic substances that composed all matter
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the smallest actual unit of a sample of an element
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atom
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What are atoms composed of?
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Protons, Electrons, Neutrons
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Positive charge, heavy, in nucleus
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Protons
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Negative charge, light, orbits nucleus
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Electrons
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no charge, heavy, in nucleus
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neutrons
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the atomic number
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number of protons, identity of the element
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isotope
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when neutrons are added or subtracted and the weight of the atom changes
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ion
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when electrons are added or subtracted and the charge changes
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ionic bonds
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where the transfer of electrons from one atom to another crates a positive and negative ion which are attracted to each other.
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covalent bonds
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where neither atom is strong enough to pull an electron from another, so they share instead.
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molecule
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when two atoms are joined by a bond
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compound
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the substance created by a molecule
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polar bond
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the covalent electron sharing is uneven, like in water
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hydrogen bonds
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the covalent bonds that exist between water, and have slight charges built between them.
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acid
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a proton donor (a proton IS a hydrogen ion)
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base
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proton acceptor
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pH scale
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power of HYDROGEN
7 = neutral <7 = acidic >7 = basic |
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organic molecule
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based upon the carbon atom, all important biomolecules are organic
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4 classes of biomolecules
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- carbohydrates
- lipids -proteins -nucleic acis |
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carbohydrates
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contain only the atoms carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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sugar
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simple carbohydrate
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monosaccharide
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basic sugar unit
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GLUCOSE
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famous monosaccharide/sugar
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disaccharide
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when two monosaccharides are joined/
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sucrose
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a disaccharide (table sugar)
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maltose and lactose
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disaccharide
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polysaccharide
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when many glucose subunits are joined
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starch, glycogen, cellulose
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major polysaccharides
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lipids
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fats and oils, all have difficulty dissolving in water
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triglycerides
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three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol. fats and oil. fats are solid, oils liquid. due to saturation levels.
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what are fats used for?
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Long term energy storage, cushioning and insulation
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Phospholipids
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Highly charged phosphate, ideal for composing our cell membrances
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Steroids
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Lipid! Complex Ring Structure.
Exampels are CHOLESTEROL, HORMONES, VITAMIN D |
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PROTEINS
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made up of amino acids. twenty different in living things.
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amino acids
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the subunits of proteins which are joined by peptide bonds. chains of these acids are called polypeptides.
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Most of the work in the body is done by
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PROTEINS
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enzymes
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proteins that catalyze all chemical reactions
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antibodies
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proteins that are needed in immune reactions
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hormones
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proteins that are chemical signals like insulin
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keratin and collagen
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structural proteins
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hemoglobin
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a protein that carries oxygen in the blood
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primary structure of a protein
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order of amino acids in a polypeptide
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secondary structure of a protein
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helical structure, local folding interactions
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tertiary structure of a protein
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ultimate 3d folding in space
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nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA
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nucleotide
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the subunit of DNA and RNA
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components of a nucleotide
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sugar, phosphate group, a nitrogenous base
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phosphoester bonds
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the bonds that hold together the nucleotides
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FOUR BASES IN DNA
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A, G, C, T
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double helix
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shape of dna
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ATP
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major energy currency of the cell. a form of the RNA nucleotide
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Plasma membrane
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cell membrance. boundary of the cell and controls the transport of materials into and out of the cell.
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phospholipid bilayer
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structural basis of the plasma membrane, has many proteins embedded in it
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hydrophobic
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water fearing, refers to lipids which are not able to dissolve in water
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hydrophilic
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water loving, refers to those substances (most) which can dissolve in water
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Phospholipids have
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a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
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Diffusion
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general principle that molecules will move from areas of higher concentration to those of lower concentration.
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what molecules can diffuse right across the cell membrance?
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, things that are small enough
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Osmosis
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refers to the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
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Tonicity
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the determining factor as to weheter water will tend to move into or out of cells.
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isotonic
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when the concentration of substance is the same inside and outside the cell. no movement of water in this situation.
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hypotonic
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when there is a greater concentration of solutes inside the cell. water will tend to enter the cell. if the difference is big enough the cell will burst.
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hypertonic
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if there is a greater concentration of solutes outside the cell. Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrivel.
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Passive Facilitated Transport
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When molecule is too big to enter by diffusion, it is helped into cell via PROTEIN CHANNEL. requires no energy if concentration gradient is favorable.
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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when molecule needs to be pumped against concentration gradient
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nucleus
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prominent structure which contains the chromosomes (genetic information.) It is the control center/brain of the cell
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nucleolus
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area of the nucleus where much RNA is produced
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nuclear envelope
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double membrane which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and contains pores which allow the passage of relatively large water soluble molecules
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ribosomes
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site of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.
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lysosomes
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small sacs which contain hydrolytic (Breaking down) enzymes. recycling center of the cell.
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mitochondria
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"powerhouse" of the cell. convert the energy of food molecules into the usable energy of atp. called aerobic cellular respiration.
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AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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process by which mitochondria convert the energy of food molecules into the usable energy of ATP.
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cytomembrance system
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consists of endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles that move between these structures and the plasma membrance. invovled in protein secretion.
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a series of interconnected tunnels continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus, rough ER has ribosomes attached.
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golgi apparatus
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a series of flattened sacs involved in the processing and packaging of various molecules.
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vesicles in cytomembrane system
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small sacs moving between ER and golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane
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order of cytomembrane secretion
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protein made by ribosomes on the rough ER, travel through ER until they reach end of tube, bud off into vesicle. vesicle reaches golgi, protein is processed, packaged into another vesicle. vesicle fuses with cell membrane, protein released from cell.
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cellular metabolism
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the net sum of all chemical reaction taking place in a cell.
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enzymes
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that which facilitates and catalyzes all of the reaction in a cell
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aerobic cellular respiration
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glucose is combined with oxygen to yield carbon dioxide and water. energy harvested as ATP.
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three phases of aerobic cellular respiration
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Glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System
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tissue
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A group of similar cells that perform a similar function
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four tissue types:
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epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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All organs are composed of more than one tissue type
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TRUE
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Epithelial Tissue
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tightly packed cells that form a continuous layer lining the surface of the body and most of its inner cavities. e.g outer layer of skin.
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Three shapes and two types of EPITHELIAL CELLS
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Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Simple, Stratifed
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Squamous Epithelial
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flattened epithelial cells
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cuboidal epithelial
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cube-shaped cells
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columnar epithelial
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column-shaped cells
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simple epithelial
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composed of one layer of cells
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stratified epithelila
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consisting of many cell layers
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connective tissue
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consists of cells separated by noncellular material called MATRIX.
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Matrix
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noncellular material which separates the cells of connective tissue. often contains protein fibers, like collagen and elastin.
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Loose Fibrous connective tissues
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support and protects epithelium and organs. i.e adipose tissue which is a special type that stores fat
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Dense fibrous connective tissue
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contains much more collagen and usually binds body parts together, like ligaments (bones to bones) or tendons (muscles to bones)
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cartilage and bone
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connective tissues. cartilage is solid yet flexible, bone is extremely strong and rigid.
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Blood is a connective tissue.
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TRUE. contains cells red,white, in a liquid MATRIX called PLASMA
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PLASMA
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the liquid matrix of the connective tissue BLOOD.
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muscular tissue
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contracts thus allowing movement.
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skeletal muscle
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striated and is controlled voluntarily (biceps, triceps)
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smooth muscle
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lacks striations and is controlled involuntarily (muslces of the digestive tract)
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cardiac muscle
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appears striated but is controlled involuntarily (the heart)
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nervous tissue
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composed of specialized cells called neurons, functions in transmitting electrical impulses (communications)
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Organs
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made of more than one tissue type and perform specific functions
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Organ system
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more than one organ working together
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the integumentary system
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consists of organs called membranes.
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the cutaneous membrane
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a membrane of the integumentary system, which is the skin.
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the mucous membrane
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a membrane of the integumentary system which lines the respiratory and digestive tracts.
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the skin is an organ
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TRUE
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layers of the skin.
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three: epidermis (outer layer)
dermis *fibrous connective tissue. hair and sweat here. subcutaneous layer (fat for insulation.) |
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human homeostasis
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body temp 37 deg celsius
ph 7.4 blood pressure 120/80 blood glucose 100 |
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nervous system
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function is communication. has two parts. central and peripheral
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Central nervous system
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brain and spinal cord. receives information from PNS, intereprets and integrates it, and coordinates a response through PNS motor nerves
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Peripheral nervous system
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consistss of all other nerves
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neurons
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cells of the nervous system
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three parts of neuron
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dendrite, cell body, and axon
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dendrite
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tree like appendage which receives information
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cell body
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contains the nucleus
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axon
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long process which takes information away from the cell body
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myelin sheath
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surrounds and insulates many neuron.
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action potential
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nervous impulse
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sodium potassium pump
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active transport pump maintains unequal gradients of these two ions
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neurotransmitter
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molecules which will be released when the action potential is released to propage wave across synapse
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brain
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complex organ, three parts, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, cerebrum
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medulla oblongata
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brainstem. located at the base of the brain, controls automatic functions such as respiration.
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cerebellum
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located dorsal to the brainstem. responsible for muscular co-ordination and hand-eye intergration.
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cerebrum
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cerebral cortex. largest portion of the brain. involved with sensory reception and analysis, and higher brain functions.
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sensory receptors
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special typs of nerve endings, receive certain types of stimuli
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chemoreceptors
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respond to chemical substances
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photoreceptors
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respond to light
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pain receptors
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respond to tissue damage
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mechanoreceptors
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respond to mechanical pressure
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thermoreceptors
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respond to temperature changes
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retina
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where the action of vision takes place, photoreceptors of two types, rods and cones.
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rods and cones
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rods vision in dim light, cones in bright light and see color
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tympanic membrane
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eardrum
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ossicles
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ear bones
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cochlea
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major organ of the ear.
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embryo
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when zygote implants itself in membrane
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cleavage
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a special type of cell division that occurs after fertilization
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morula
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solid ball of cells that forms
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blastocyte
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morula becomes blastocyte
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trophoblast
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part of blastocyte that allows implantation
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gastrula
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level of embryo development
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amnion
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holds the amniotic fluid in which the embryo is bathed
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